0:00:00.605,0:00:01.265
Supported By
0:00:01.265,0:00:02.796
Supported By[br]Protocol Labs
0:00:02.796,0:00:03.676
Supported By[br]Protocol Labs[br]Follow your curiosity.
0:00:03.676,0:00:08.144
Supported By[br]Protocol Labs[br]Follow your curiosity.[br]Lead humanity forward.
0:00:09.198,0:00:12.500
Two possibilities exist:
0:00:12.500,0:00:15.318
Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe,
0:00:15.318,0:00:18.728
Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not.
0:00:18.728,0:00:23.111
Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not.[br]Both are equally terrifying.
0:00:23.111,0:00:26.498
Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not.[br]Both are equally terrifying.[br]Arthur C. Clarke
0:00:26.498,0:00:28.163
Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not.[br]Both are equally terrifying.[br]Arthur C. Clarke[br]In all of time,
0:00:28.163,0:00:29.157
In all of time,
0:00:31.766,0:00:35.486
on all the planets of all the galaxies in space.
0:00:39.246,0:00:41.101
what civilizations have risen,
0:00:44.246,0:00:45.356
looked into the night,
0:00:49.961,0:00:51.936
seen what we see,
0:00:56.493,0:01:00.613
asked the questions that we ask?
0:01:00.882,0:01:04.742
"Are we alone?"
0:01:10.646,0:01:13.443
"Is Earth the only chapter in the story of life?"
0:01:19.468,0:01:22.194
"The answers lie somewhere in distant space - and distant time."
0:01:27.828,0:01:30.721
"For the first time, the truth is finally within our reach."
0:01:40.929,0:01:43.719
"The search will reveal who we are"
0:01:45.434,0:01:48.554
"and who we might become."
0:01:54.699,0:01:55.699
LIFE
0:01:55.699,0:01:59.799
LIFE BEYOND
0:02:02.444,0:02:03.812
CHAPTER I
0:02:03.812,0:02:08.557
CHAPTER I[br]The Dawn
0:02:11.436,0:02:17.596
"In the search for life out there, we must first look inward."
0:02:24.254,0:02:28.484
What we see around us is staggering complexity.
0:02:33.961,0:02:36.234
How is it possible?
0:02:36.870,0:02:41.270
"What does it take to create life?"
0:02:41.270,0:02:42.683
"What does it take to create life?"[br]Living organisms are created by chemistry.
0:02:42.683,0:02:43.743
Living organisms are created by chemistry.
0:02:45.528,0:02:48.498
We are huge packages of chemicals.
0:02:50.953,0:02:53.763
And what are the ideal conditions for chemistry?
0:02:54.242,0:02:55.004
Well, first, you need energy.
0:02:55.004,0:02:55.129
I[br]Well, first, you need energy.
0:02:55.129,0:02:55.254
I[br]E[br]Well, first, you need energy.
0:02:55.254,0:02:55.379
I[br]EN[br]Well, first, you need energy.
0:02:55.379,0:02:55.504
I[br]ENE[br]Well, first, you need energy.
0:02:55.504,0:02:55.629
I[br]ENER[br]Well, first, you need energy.
0:02:55.629,0:02:55.754
I[br]ENERG[br]Well, first, you need energy.
0:02:55.754,0:02:56.004
I[br]ENERGY[br]Well, first, you need energy.
0:02:56.004,0:02:56.254
I[br]ENERGY[br]e.g [br]Well, first, you need energy.
0:02:56.254,0:02:56.592
I[br]ENERGY[br]e.g Sunlight,[br]Well, first, you need energy.
0:02:56.592,0:02:56.717
I[br]ENERGY[br]e.g Sunlight,
0:02:56.717,0:03:00.004
I[br]ENERGY[br]e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat
0:03:00.004,0:03:00.066
I[br]ENERG[br]e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat
0:03:00.066,0:03:00.129
I[br]ENER[br]e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat
0:03:00.129,0:03:00.191
I[br]ENE[br]e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat
0:03:00.191,0:03:00.254
I[br]EN[br]e.g Sunlight,
0:03:00.254,0:03:00.316
I[br]E[br]e.g
0:03:00.316,0:03:00.379
I[br]E
0:03:00.379,0:03:00.629
I
0:03:01.512,0:03:03.262
But not too much.
0:03:03.971,0:03:05.741
What you want is just the right amount
0:03:05.741,0:03:07.461
and planets it turns out are just right,
0:03:07.545,0:03:08.826
because they are close to stars,
0:03:08.826,0:03:10.164
but not too close.
0:03:13.255,0:03:14.305
You also need a great diversity
0:03:14.305,0:03:14.555
II[br]You also need a great diversity
0:03:14.555,0:03:14.586
II[br]HE[br]You also need a great diversity
0:03:14.586,0:03:14.601
II[br]HEA[br]You also need a great diversity
0:03:14.601,0:03:14.617
II[br]HEAV[br]You also need a great diversity
0:03:14.617,0:03:14.664
II[br]HEAVY[br]You also need a great diversity
0:03:14.664,0:03:14.687
II[br]HEAVY E[br]You also need a great diversity
0:03:14.687,0:03:14.699
II[br]HEAVY EL[br]You also need a great diversity
0:03:14.699,0:03:14.711
II[br]HEAVY ELE[br]You also need a great diversity
0:03:14.711,0:03:14.758
II[br]HEAVY ELEM[br]You also need a great diversity
0:03:14.758,0:03:14.781
II[br]HEAVY ELEME[br]You also need a great diversity
0:03:14.781,0:03:14.793
II[br]HEAVY ELEMEN[br]You also need a great diversity
0:03:14.793,0:03:14.805
II[br]HEAVY ELEMENT[br]You also need a great diversity
0:03:14.805,0:03:15.505
II[br]HEAVY ELEMENTS[br]You also need a great diversity
0:03:15.505,0:03:15.630
II[br]HEAVY ELEMENTS[br]e.g[br]of chemical elements.
0:03:15.630,0:03:15.965
II[br]HEAVY ELEMENTS[br]e.g Oxygen,[br]of chemical elements.
0:03:15.965,0:03:16.388
II[br]HEAVY ELEMENTS[br]e.g Oxygen, Carbon,[br]of chemical elements.
0:03:16.388,0:03:17.021
II[br]HEAVY ELEMENTS[br]e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur[br]of chemical elements.
0:03:17.021,0:03:20.372
II[br]HEAVY ELEMENTS[br]e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur
0:03:20.372,0:03:20.403
II[br]HEAVY ELEMENT[br]e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur
0:03:20.403,0:03:20.434
II[br]HEAVY ELEMEN[br]e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur
0:03:20.434,0:03:20.465
II[br]HEAVY ELEME[br]e.g Oxygen, Carbon,
0:03:20.465,0:03:20.497
II[br]HEAVY ELEM[br]e.g Oxygen, Carbon,
0:03:20.497,0:03:20.528
II[br]HEAVY ELE[br]e.g Oxygen, Carbon,
0:03:20.528,0:03:20.559
II[br]HEAVY EL[br]e.g Oxygen,
0:03:20.559,0:03:20.590
II[br]HEAVY E[br]e.g
0:03:20.590,0:03:20.622
II[br]HEAVY
0:03:20.622,0:03:20.662
II[br]HEAV
0:03:20.662,0:03:20.703
II[br]HEA
0:03:20.703,0:03:20.743
II[br]HE
0:03:20.743,0:03:20.784
II[br]H
0:03:20.784,0:03:20.865
II
0:03:20.865,0:03:20.946
I
0:03:20.987,0:03:22.772
And you need liquid,
0:03:22.772,0:03:22.833
such as water.
0:03:22.833,0:03:22.896
III[br]such as water.
0:03:22.896,0:03:22.958
III[br]L[br]such as water.
0:03:22.958,0:03:23.020
III[br]LI[br]such as water.
0:03:23.020,0:03:23.083
III[br]LIQ[br]such as water.
0:03:23.083,0:03:23.208
III[br]LIQU[br]such as water.
0:03:23.208,0:03:23.315
III[br]LIQUI[br]such as water.
0:03:23.315,0:03:23.422
III[br]LIQUID[br]such as water.
0:03:23.422,0:03:23.529
III[br]LIQUID[br]such as water.
0:03:23.529,0:03:23.779
III[br]LIQUID[br]e.g[br]such as water.
0:03:23.779,0:03:24.195
III[br]LIQUID[br]e.g Water[br]such as water.
0:03:24.195,0:03:27.824
III[br]LIQUID[br]e.g. water
0:03:28.134,0:03:29.164
Why?
0:03:29.266,0:03:30.620
Well, in gases,
0:03:31.340,0:03:33.621
atoms move past each other so fast
0:03:33.621,0:03:35.760
that they can't hitch up.
0:03:36.242,0:03:39.492
In solids, atoms are stuck together.
0:03:39.492,0:03:40.628
They can't move.
0:03:41.479,0:03:42.748
In liquids,
0:03:43.957,0:03:46.767
they can cruise and cuddle
0:03:46.847,0:03:49.973
and link up to form molecules.
0:03:56.526,0:04:00.936
Liquid water is just so good for getting evolution going.
0:04:00.936,0:04:02.644
Molecules can dissolve in the water
0:04:02.644,0:04:05.504
to form more complex chains.
0:04:06.262,0:04:08.758
Now, where do you find such goldilocks conditions?
0:04:09.111,0:04:11.231
Well, planets are great,
0:04:11.960,0:04:16.170
and our early Earth was almost perfect.
0:04:17.949,0:04:18.336
Earth
0:04:18.336,0:04:24.326
Earth[br]4 Billion Years Ago
0:04:25.488,0:04:26.598
It was just the right distance
0:04:26.598,0:04:29.734
from its star to contain huge oceans of liquid water.
0:04:33.504,0:04:35.226
And deep beneath those oceans,
0:04:35.226,0:04:36.664
at cracks in the Earth's crust,
0:04:38.243,0:04:40.239
fantastic chemistry began to happen
0:04:40.289,0:04:43.503
atoms combined in all sorts of exotic combinations.
0:05:01.965,0:05:09.425
"The exact recipe is still a mystery, but the ingredients for life[br]are simple - energy, organic molecules, and liquid water."
0:05:30.406,0:05:37.846
"Somewhere in the seas of early Earth, basic chemistry [br]became biology - perhaps even more than once."
0:05:43.415,0:05:50.075
"The first cells were likely born in hot volcanic waters,[br]in conditions once thought impossible for biology."
0:05:52.198,0:05:59.188
"The closer we study life, the more extreme places we find it thriving."
0:05:59.188,0:05:59.898
"The closer we study life, the more extreme places we find it thriving."[br]Here on our planet,
0:05:59.898,0:06:01.238
Here on our planet,
0:06:01.324,0:06:02.754
microbes have adapted
0:06:02.754,0:06:06.254
to survive the most hostile conditions.
0:06:07.960,0:06:09.390
Arid deserts,
0:06:09.464,0:06:11.504
the frozen Himalayas,
0:06:12.734,0:06:16.494
in trenches under thousands of tons of pressure
0:06:16.613,0:06:18.953
in the ocean deeps.
0:06:21.237,0:06:24.507
In the vacuum of a space simulator,
0:06:24.597,0:06:28.617
life forms have been flourishing for years
0:06:28.972,0:06:33.312
without oxygen.
0:06:33.886,0:06:40.136
"New research suggests that life emerged over 4 billion years ago,[br]when Earth was an alien and deadly place."
0:06:44.108,0:06:50.488
"The planet was ravaged by intense volcanism [br]and an asteroid storm that lasted 100 million years."
0:07:04.514,0:07:09.914
"Yet even in these extreme conditions,[br]life quickly found a foothold."
0:07:09.914,0:07:11.149
"Yet even in these extreme conditions,[br]life quickly found a foothold."[br]Very very quickly,
0:07:11.149,0:07:12.473
Very very quickly,
0:07:12.473,0:07:15.783
as soon as the Earth cooled off after its formation,
0:07:15.873,0:07:20.953
we know that life began here.
0:07:22.508,0:07:25.228
Because it happened quickly here on Earth,
0:07:25.278,0:07:26.798
we think it is going to happen quickly
0:07:26.798,0:07:28.948
on other planets as well.
0:07:39.664,0:07:46.611
"The story of Earth gives us hope that life could be universally common."
0:07:48.399,0:07:54.870
"It teaches us that life is fast acting, tenacious, [br]and made of basic, common ingredients."
0:07:57.971,0:08:05.961
"After 4 billion years of isolation, [br]the search for our cosmic kin has finally begun."
0:08:10.261,0:08:17.401
"Where there is water, there is life - and so our best chance[br]is to look for ocean worlds like Earth."
0:08:20.577,0:08:27.917
"Our search for Earth-like planets has only just begun,[br]and the findings are tantalizing."
0:08:29.866,0:08:30.696
KEPLER-62F
0:08:30.696,0:08:30.946
KEPLER-62F[br]Distance: 1200 Light Years.
0:08:30.946,0:08:31.071
KEPLER-62F[br]Distance: 1200 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.4x Earth.
0:08:31.071,0:08:31.196
KEPLER-62F[br]Distance: 1200 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.4x Earth.[br]Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.
0:08:31.196,0:08:31.350
KEPLER-62F[br]Distance: 1200 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.4x Earth.[br]Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.[br]Age: ~7 billion years.
0:08:31.350,0:08:36.840
KEPLER-62F[br]Distance: 1200 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.4x Earth.[br]Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.[br]Age: ~7 billion years.[br]Possible Water World
0:08:36.840,0:08:37.090
KEPLER-62F[br]Distance: 1200 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.4x Earth.[br]Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.[br]Age: ~7 billion years.
0:08:37.090,0:08:37.340
KEPLER-62F[br]Distance: 1200 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.4x Earth.[br]Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.
0:08:37.340,0:08:37.465
KEPLER-62F[br]Distance: 1200 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.4x Earth.
0:08:37.465,0:08:37.527
KEPLER-62F[br]Distance: 1200 Light Years.
0:08:37.527,0:08:37.590
KEPLER-62F
0:08:38.833,0:08:39.566
TRAPPIST-1D
0:08:39.566,0:08:39.816
TRAPPIST-1D[br]Distance: 41 Light Years.
0:08:39.816,0:08:39.925
TRAPPIST-1D[br]Distance: 41 Light Years.[br]Size: 0.77x Earth.
0:08:39.925,0:08:40.034
TRAPPIST-1D[br]Distance: 41 Light Years.[br]Size: 0.77x Earth.[br]Age: ~7.5 billion years.
0:08:40.034,0:08:40.143
TRAPPIST-1D[br]Distance: 41 Light Years.[br]Size: 0.77x Earth.[br]Age: ~7.5 billion years.[br]Temperature: ≥ 20ºF.
0:08:40.143,0:08:46.568
TRAPPIST-1D[br]Distance: 41 Light Years.[br]Size: 0.77x Earth.[br]Age: ~7.5 billion years.[br]Temperature: ≥ 20ºF.[br]Possible Water World
0:08:46.568,0:08:46.818
TRAPPIST-1D[br]Distance: 41 Light Years.[br]Size: 0.77x Earth.[br]Age: ~7.5 billion years.[br]Temperature: ≥ 20ºF.
0:08:46.818,0:08:46.943
TRAPPIST-1D[br]Distance: 41 Light Years.[br]Size: 0.77x Earth.[br]Age: ~7.5 billion years.
0:08:46.943,0:08:47.068
TRAPPIST-1D[br]Distance: 41 Light Years.[br]Size: 0.77x Earth.
0:08:47.068,0:08:47.204
TRAPPIST-1D[br]Distance: 41 Light Years.
0:08:47.204,0:08:47.341
TRAPPIST-1D
0:08:48.973,0:08:49.747
TEEGARDEN-B
0:08:49.747,0:08:49.997
TEEGARDEN-B[br]Distance: 12 Light Years.
0:08:49.997,0:08:50.112
TEEGARDEN-B[br]Distance: 12 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.07x Earth.
0:08:50.112,0:08:50.227
TEEGARDEN-B[br]Distance: 12 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.07x Earth.[br]Age: 8 billion years.
0:08:50.227,0:08:50.342
TEEGARDEN-B[br]Distance: 12 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.07x Earth.[br]Age: 8 billion years.[br]Minimum temperature: ≥ 20ºF.
0:08:50.342,0:08:56.149
TEEGARDEN-B[br]Distance: 12 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.07x Earth.[br]Age: 8 billion years.[br]Minimum temperature: ≥ 20ºF.[br]Possible Water World
0:08:56.149,0:08:56.399
TEEGARDEN-B[br]Distance: 12 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.07x Earth.[br]Age: 8 billion years.[br]Minimum temperature: ≥ 20ºF.
0:08:56.399,0:08:56.524
TEEGARDEN-B[br]Distance: 12 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.07x Earth.[br]Age: 8 billion years.
0:08:56.524,0:08:56.649
TEEGARDEN-B[br]Distance: 12 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.07x Earth.
0:08:56.649,0:08:56.779
TEEGARDEN-B[br]Distance: 12 Light Years.
0:08:56.779,0:08:56.909
TEEGARDEN-B
0:08:58.908,0:08:59.759
K2-18B
0:08:59.759,0:09:00.009
K2-18B[br]Distance: 111 Light Years.
0:09:00.009,0:09:00.193
K2-18B[br]Distance: 111 Light Years.[br]Size: 2.7x Earth.
0:09:00.193,0:09:00.285
K2-18B[br]Distance: 111 Light Years.[br]Size: 2.7x Earth.[br]Temperature: -100 -116ºF.
0:09:00.285,0:09:07.842
K2-18B[br]Distance: 111 Light Years.[br]Size: 2.7x Earth.[br]Temperature: -100 -116ºF.[br]Confirmed atmospheric water vapor
0:09:07.842,0:09:08.092
K2-18B[br]Distance: 111 Light Years.[br]Size: 2.7x Earth.[br]Temperature: -100 -116ºF.
0:09:08.092,0:09:08.211
K2-18B[br]Distance: 111 Light Years.[br]Size: 2.7x Earth.
0:09:08.211,0:09:08.330
K2-18B[br]Distance: 111 Light Years.
0:09:08.330,0:09:08.449
K2-18B
0:09:10.708,0:09:17.858
"We have barely scratched the surface.[br]Nature's trove of secrets is bottomless."
0:09:17.858,0:09:20.086
"We have barely scratched the surface.[br]Nature's trove of secrets is bottomless."[br]We know that the galaxy is awash in water.
0:09:20.086,0:09:20.956
We know that the galaxy is awash in water.
0:09:26.475,0:09:28.965
It’s awash in organic molecules,
0:09:29.015,0:09:32.965
and complex chemistry.
0:09:33.964,0:09:35.504
All of the things that we know were
0:09:35.504,0:09:37.944
necessary for life to begin on this planet
0:09:38.024,0:09:40.734
exist on abundance throughout the galaxy.
0:09:47.259,0:09:50.250
Did something similar to what happened on our own planet
0:09:50.390,0:09:56.480
happen on those other planets?
0:09:59.078,0:10:05.168
"Looking at the raw numbers, the existence of alien life [br]seems almost inevitable."
0:10:12.209,0:10:20.889
"The latest data suggest that up to 1/4 of stars have rocky planets[br]orbiting in their habitable zone - the right distance for liquid water."
0:10:28.312,0:10:36.419
"In our Milk Way galaxy alone, that's ~50 billion worlds like Earth."
0:10:39.331,0:10:46.251
"In the entire universe, the possible number of habitable planets is staggering:"
0:10:46.251,0:10:52.871
"In the entire universe, the possible number of habitable planets is staggering:"[br]100,000,000,000,000,000,000.
0:10:55.623,0:11:00.793
"Imagine each flash of light represents an Earth-like planet."
0:11:03.428,0:11:10.851
"You would have to watch this animation for over a billion years to view them all."
0:11:20.569,0:11:26.939
"Each one with a history as rich and unique as Earth."
0:11:59.056,0:12:04.246
"Trillions and trillions of chemical soups, stewing for eons."
0:12:05.259,0:12:07.619
There are more habitable
0:12:07.619,0:12:10.609
Earth-mass planets in the observable volume
0:12:10.609,0:12:14.044
of the universe than there are grains of sand
0:12:14.224,0:12:16.301
on all the beaches on Earth.
0:12:31.794,0:12:39.620
"Among this abundance of worlds,[br]many will be deadly to life as we know it."
0:12:43.188,0:12:49.538
"There will be planets in the habitable zone that are[br]scorched, frozen, and suffocated by poison gases."
0:12:52.123,0:12:57.923
"Many will lack an atmosphere, critical for temperature regulation,[br]or have one that is deadly."
0:13:10.690,0:13:18.262
"Venus, once thought to potentially support life,[br]is now sterilized by a crushing, toxic atmosphere."
0:13:20.195,0:13:26.595
"But life may not be confined to the habitable zone."
0:13:31.003,0:13:39.623
"Far from the warmth of their star, the moons[br]of giant gas planets may be hidden oases for life."
0:13:42.695,0:13:51.625
"Their energy comes not from starlight, but from gravity - [br]the lurching push and pull of the host planet."
0:13:55.439,0:14:03.809
"Icy Enceladus has it all: a huge subsurface ocean[br]with hydrothermal vents spewing the chemistry of life."
0:14:08.224,0:14:15.354
"Titan is especially alluring - larger than Mercury[br]and speckled with methane lakes and organic compounds."
0:14:21.018,0:14:28.498
"In 2026, NASA plans to send a drone to Titan,[br]seeking out signs of life in its valleys and craters."
0:14:31.259,0:14:37.159
"There may be 100 trillion exomoons in our galaxy alone - [br]100 times the number of planets."
0:14:38.830,0:14:42.740
"Some may even be Earth sized,[br]with atmospheres and surface water."
0:14:44.228,0:14:50.186
"With so many places to find life, it seems only a matter of time [br]before we make a discovery."
0:14:52.048,0:14:55.607
"Some think we already have."
0:15:02.138,0:15:09.528
"On June 30, 1976, the Viking lander on Mars[br]found something that still remains unexplained."
0:15:13.035,0:15:22.165
"After being injected with nutrients, Martian sol samples [br]expelled signature radioactive gas - just like soils from Earth."
0:15:23.904,0:15:24.029
Sterilized Soil |
0:15:24.029,0:15:24.154
Sterilized Soil | Sterilized Soil |
0:15:24.154,0:15:40.984
Sterilized Soil | California Soil | Martian soil
0:15:41.710,0:15:49.930
"Was this signal a natural phenomenon, or our first[br]encounter with alien biology?"
0:15:50.512,0:15:53.700
The discovery of just one bacteria on Mars,
0:15:54.272,0:15:56.982
or any other body of the Solar System
0:15:57.711,0:16:01.230
would indicate that the whole chain of evolutions.
0:16:01.230,0:16:04.740
Cosmic, chemical and biological,
0:16:05.252,0:16:07.732
is at work everywhere.
0:16:08.473,0:16:09.753
In that case,
0:16:09.778,0:16:12.998
the creation of life anywhere in the universe
0:16:13.503,0:16:17.650
would be more the rule than the exception.
0:16:20.558,0:16:27.578
"If we haven't found life already, it may not be long until we do."
0:16:29.934,0:16:36.514
"NASA scientists now think we are on the verge of discovery."
0:16:36.514,0:16:39.061
"NASA scientists now think we are on the verge of discovery."[br]Within all of our lifetimes we're going to understand
0:16:39.061,0:16:40.607
"NASA scientists now think we are on the verge of discovery."[br]that there is life on other bodies in the Solar System.
0:16:40.607,0:16:41.377
that there is life on other bodies in the Solar System.
0:16:49.514,0:16:51.570
We're going to understand the implications of that
0:16:51.570,0:16:54.170
for evolution of life here on Earth.
0:16:56.274,0:16:57.864
We're going to find planets around
0:16:57.864,0:16:59.644
other stars that we can say
0:16:59.704,0:17:03.264
we see potential signs of habitability in their atmospheres.
0:17:05.998,0:17:09.108
That's all going to happen in the next 10 to 20 years.
0:17:10.008,0:17:12.038
How exciting is that?
0:17:13.783,0:17:15.404
We're on the verge of things that the
0:17:15.404,0:17:17.452
people have wondered about for millennia:
0:17:17.452,0:17:18.501
"Are we alone?"
0:17:21.004,0:17:25.224
And here we are on the verge of finding that out.
0:17:29.184,0:17:35.854
"If we do find life out there, what will we discover about ourselves?"
0:17:39.596,0:17:46.086
"What chapter is Earth in the story of life?"
0:17:47.749,0:17:51.239
The universe is nearly 14 billion years old.
0:17:52.029,0:17:55.759
And our galaxy is something like 12 billion years old.
0:17:56.220,0:17:58.480
So, there could be life out there
0:17:58.751,0:18:01.421
that could be dramatically more advanced
0:18:01.421,0:18:04.981
than the life that we have here on this planet.
0:18:06.195,0:18:10.145
"Is Earth a latecomer on the cosmic stage?"
0:18:11.188,0:18:14.838
"Just how ancient could life be?"
0:18:15.941,0:18:16.251
100 Thousand Years Ago
0:18:16.251,0:18:16.647
1 Million Years Ago
0:18:16.647,0:18:16.934
5 Million Years Ago
0:18:16.934,0:18:17.722
10 Million Years Ago
0:18:17.722,0:18:18.497
50 Million Years Ago
0:18:18.497,0:18:19.267
100 Million Years Ago
0:18:19.267,0:18:19.767
200 Million Years Ago
0:18:19.767,0:18:20.147
300 Million Years Ago
0:18:20.147,0:18:20.457
400 Million Years Ago
0:18:20.457,0:18:21.437
500 Million Years Ago
0:18:21.437,0:18:22.467
1 Billion Years Ago
0:18:22.467,0:18:23.127
2 Billion Years Ago
0:18:23.127,0:18:23.641
3 Billion Years Ago
0:18:23.641,0:18:23.956
4 Billion Years Ago
0:18:23.956,0:18:25.117
5 Billion Years Ago
0:18:25.117,0:18:25.553
10 Billion Years Ago
0:18:25.553,0:18:26.025
13.8 Billion Years Ago
0:18:26.507,0:18:26.987
Event: The Big Bang
0:18:33.670,0:18:39.500
"For its first few million years, the cosmos was too hot for life as we know it."
0:18:42.562,0:18:48.242
"The ambient temperature would have boiled you alive."
0:18:48.350,0:18:48.790
Event: The First Star
0:19:01.614,0:19:09.584
"When it was finally cool enough for life, there were no stars and planets.[br]Only huge lumbering clouds of hydrogen."
0:19:17.657,0:19:25.997
"After 70 million years, gravity took hold of these clouds[br]and spun them into the first generation of stars."
0:19:45.105,0:19:52.025
"The first stars were massive and bright,[br]but there was no life to watch them rise."
0:19:53.891,0:19:59.981
"Vital heavy elements were still being forged in their hot stellar cores.[br]Not even the Big Bang was hot enough to create them."
0:19:59.981,0:20:01.951
"Vital heavy elements were still being forged in their hot stellar cores.[br]Not even the Big Bang was hot enoughto create them."[br]The only elements that were created on The Big Bang were hydrogen,
0:20:01.951,0:20:02.751
The only elements that were created on the Big Bang were hydrogen,
0:20:02.992,0:20:05.152
helium and a little bit of lithium.
0:20:07.483,0:20:09.978
All the stuff that makes your life livable
0:20:09.978,0:20:13.458
those elements weren't created on the Big Bang.
0:20:15.527,0:20:16.927
The only place they were created
0:20:17.005,0:20:18.725
is in the fiery cores of stars
0:20:18.725,0:20:21.485
and the only way they could get into your body
0:20:21.781,0:20:24.311
is if the stars were kind enough to explode.
0:20:24.338,0:20:24.838
Event: Death And Rebirth
0:20:37.661,0:20:44.141
"The explosive death of the first mid-sized stars[br]seeded the cosmos with the ingredients for life."
0:20:48.411,0:20:55.841
"From their ashes rose a second generation of suns -[br]this time with rocky planets dancing around them."
0:20:58.457,0:21:03.697
"This is the moment: the raw ingredients for life together[br]for the first time, ~13.7 billion years ago."
0:21:11.106,0:21:17.986
"Some believe the conditions for life existed even earlier, in the warm afterglow of creation."
0:21:25.859,0:21:32.400
"As the heat from the Big Bang faded,[br]the universe passed through a goldilocks era."
0:21:38.167,0:21:45.857
"Some 15 million years after time began,[br]the ambient temperature reached a balmy 75º F (24º C)."
0:21:51.097,0:21:57.367
"For millions of years, it was warm in all directions,[br]like an endless summer day on Earth."
0:22:00.414,0:22:09.104
"In theory, stars and planets could have formed this early on,[br]in hypothesized ultra-dense regions of space."
0:22:14.834,0:22:24.314
"If such regions existed, liquid water could have flowed abundantly,[br]even on rogue planets far from any star."
0:22:29.748,0:22:37.918
"Could this have been dawn of life?[br]Alien beings feeding off the heat of the Big Bang?"
0:22:44.069,0:22:49.531
"Somewhere out there may be a planet with life[br]nearly as old as the universe itself."
0:22:52.430,0:23:03.110
"With a 10 billion year head start, the universe could be teeming with[br]life far more advanced than our own."
0:23:06.062,0:23:14.883
"Despite decades of searching, no sign of alien life[br]has ever been confirmed, intelligent or otherwise."
0:23:17.849,0:23:25.089
"So where is everybody?"
0:23:28.186,0:23:34.506
"Could we really be alone?"
0:23:44.579,0:23:55.264
"Maybe primitive life is common, but intelligence is exceedingly rare."
0:24:04.328,0:24:11.048
"Maybe space is just too vast for feasible communication."
0:24:17.705,0:24:21.675
"Or maybe we are the first."
0:24:23.189,0:24:30.299
"Could we be the opening chapter in a sprawling history of life?"
0:24:36.915,0:24:40.188
13.8 Billion Years
0:24:40.188,0:24:41.447
14 Billion Years
0:24:41.447,0:24:42.528
15 Billion Years
0:24:42.528,0:24:43.278
16 Billion Years
0:24:43.278,0:24:43.818
17 Billion Years
0:24:43.818,0:24:44.278
18 Billion Years
0:24:44.278,0:24:44.658
19 Billion Years
0:24:44.658,0:24:45.018
20 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born."
0:24:45.018,0:24:45.318
21 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born."
0:24:45.318,0:24:45.618
22 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born."
0:24:45.618,0:24:45.868
23 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born."
0:24:45.868,0:24:46.118
24 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born."
0:24:46.118,0:24:47.028
25 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born."
0:24:47.028,0:24:47.758
30 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born."
0:24:47.758,0:24:48.358
35 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born."
0:24:48.358,0:24:48.868
40 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born."
0:24:48.868,0:24:49.368
45 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born."
0:24:49.368,0:24:49.788
50 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born."
0:24:49.788,0:24:50.157
55 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born."
0:24:50.157,0:24:50.498
60 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born."
0:24:50.498,0:24:50.828
65 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born."
0:24:50.828,0:24:51.408
70 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born."
0:24:51.408,0:24:51.958
80 Billion Years
0:24:51.958,0:24:52.478
90 Billion Years
0:24:52.478,0:24:52.877
100 Billion Years
0:24:52.877,0:24:53.287
110 Billion Years
0:24:53.287,0:24:53.677
120 Billion Years
0:24:53.677,0:24:54.007
130 Billion Years
0:24:54.007,0:24:54.340
140 Billion Years
0:24:54.340,0:24:55.737
150 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
0:24:55.737,0:24:56.697
200 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
0:24:56.697,0:24:57.458
250 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
0:24:57.458,0:24:58.097
300 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
0:24:58.097,0:24:58.627
350 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
0:24:58.627,0:24:59.117
400 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
0:24:59.117,0:24:59.533
450 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
0:24:59.533,0:25:00.273
500 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
0:25:00.273,0:25:00.963
600 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
0:25:00.963,0:25:01.503
700 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years."
0:25:01.503,0:25:02.334
800 Billion Years
0:25:02.334,0:25:04.303
900 Billion Years
0:25:04.303,0:25:04.883
900 Billion Years[br]"From this perspective, we are the dawn:[br]the opening melody in a symphony of life."
0:25:04.883,0:25:05.133
1 Trillion Years[br]"From this perspective, we are the dawn:[br]the opening melody in a symphony of life."
0:25:05.133,0:25:05.506
2 Trillion Years[br]"From this perspective, we are the dawn:[br]the opening melody in a symphony of life."
0:25:05.506,0:25:06.256
4 Trillion Years[br]"From this perspective, we are the dawn:[br]the opening melody in a symphony of life."
0:25:06.256,0:25:07.726
8 Trillion Years[br]"From this perspective, we are the dawn:[br]the opening melody in a symphony of life."
0:25:07.726,0:25:10.376
16 Trillion Years[br]"From this perspective, we are the dawn:[br]the opening melody in a symphony of life."
0:25:10.376,0:25:13.050
32 Trillion Years[br]"From this perspective, we are the dawn:[br]the opening melody in a symphony of life."
0:25:13.050,0:25:14.916
32 Trillion Years
0:25:14.916,0:25:15.698
64 Trillion Years
0:25:15.698,0:25:17.017
70 Trillion Years
0:25:17.017,0:25:18.418
80 Trillion Years
0:25:18.418,0:25:19.118
90 Trillion Years
0:25:19.118,0:25:19.818
95 Trillion Years
0:25:19.818,0:25:20.068
~100 Trillion Years Later
0:25:20.068,0:25:23.353
Event: Last Star Dies[br]~100 Trillion Years Later
0:25:23.663,0:25:28.423
"What might come long after us?"
0:25:37.645,0:25:45.435
"Red dwarf stars can live up to 10 trillion years,[br]bathing their planets in starlight for eons."
0:25:56.299,0:26:01.149
"Life is much more probable on these time scales,[br]where conditions are stable for vast periods of time."
0:26:10.144,0:26:16.734
"Any beings living close to these stars would have to contend[br]with violent solar flares that continually threaten extinction."
0:26:20.024,0:26:30.304
"Many of these planets would be tidally locked - one side permanently[br]exposed to the sun, the other frozen in darkness."
0:26:34.073,0:26:39.993
"But as Earth has taught us, life is remarkably adaptable."
0:26:42.502,0:26:49.395
"What forms might life take when it has trillions of years to evolve?"
0:27:23.932,0:27:29.592
"One day, somehow, the story of life will come to an end."
0:27:32.373,0:27:40.133
"If we are the first chapter of that story, we have the chance [br]to carry the torch of life far into the future."
0:27:57.674,0:28:05.824
"And if biology does persist far into the future,[br]then we live in a privileged moment."
0:28:09.675,0:28:14.895
In later chapters, the universe will seem far different.
0:28:17.924,0:28:24.148
"The expansion of spacetime will make distant stars invisible, [br]and the night skies will go dark."
0:28:26.681,0:28:35.861
"Perhaps life in the far future will wonder:[br]What it was like to live in the universe's brilliant early days?"
0:28:38.190,0:28:42.710
"We are lucky enough to know the answer."
0:28:48.685,0:28:53.595
"All we have to do is look up."
0:29:06.289,0:29:12.007
Hand Crafted By Melodysheep
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NASA[br]Evolve[br]Special Thanks To
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Evolve[br]Special Thanks To[br]Juan Benet
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Special Thanks To[br]Juan Benet[br]Julius Horsthuis
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LIFE BEYOND
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Next on Life Beyond:[br]Make contect with intelligent life[br]Surviving the end of the universe[br]The physics of alien life[br]& more
0:30:22.000,0:30:26.000
Subtitler:[br]Ernesryst Sautrie[br]Erick Soares Figueiredo[br]fpetras