0:00:00.605,0:00:01.265 Supported By 0:00:01.265,0:00:02.796 Supported By[br]Protocol Labs 0:00:02.796,0:00:03.676 Supported By[br]Protocol Labs[br]Follow your curiosity. 0:00:03.676,0:00:08.144 Supported By[br]Protocol Labs[br]Follow your curiosity.[br]Lead humanity forward. 0:00:09.198,0:00:12.500 Two possibilities exist: 0:00:12.500,0:00:15.318 Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, 0:00:15.318,0:00:18.728 Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not. 0:00:18.728,0:00:23.111 Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not.[br]Both are equally terrifying. 0:00:23.111,0:00:26.498 Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not.[br]Both are equally terrifying.[br]Arthur C. Clarke 0:00:26.498,0:00:28.163 Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not.[br]Both are equally terrifying.[br]Arthur C. Clarke[br]In all of time, 0:00:28.163,0:00:29.157 In all of time, 0:00:31.766,0:00:35.486 on all the planets of all the galaxies in space. 0:00:39.246,0:00:41.101 what civilizations have risen, 0:00:44.246,0:00:45.356 looked into the night, 0:00:49.961,0:00:51.936 seen what we see, 0:00:56.493,0:01:00.613 asked the questions that we ask? 0:01:00.882,0:01:04.742 "Are we alone?" 0:01:10.646,0:01:13.443 "Is Earth the only chapter in the story of life?" 0:01:19.468,0:01:22.194 "The answers lie somewhere in distant space - and distant time." 0:01:27.828,0:01:30.721 "For the first time, the truth is finally within our reach." 0:01:40.929,0:01:43.719 "The search will reveal who we are" 0:01:45.434,0:01:48.554 "and who we might become." 0:01:54.699,0:01:55.699 LIFE 0:01:55.699,0:01:59.799 LIFE BEYOND 0:02:02.444,0:02:03.812 CHAPTER I 0:02:03.812,0:02:08.557 CHAPTER I[br]The Dawn 0:02:11.436,0:02:17.596 "In the search for life out there, we must first look inward." 0:02:24.254,0:02:28.484 What we see around us is staggering complexity. 0:02:33.961,0:02:36.234 How is it possible? 0:02:36.870,0:02:41.270 "What does it take to create life?" 0:02:41.270,0:02:42.683 "What does it take to create life?"[br]Living organisms are created by chemistry. 0:02:42.683,0:02:43.743 Living organisms are created by chemistry. 0:02:45.528,0:02:48.498 We are huge packages of chemicals. 0:02:50.953,0:02:53.763 And what are the ideal conditions for chemistry? 0:02:54.242,0:02:55.004 Well, first, you need energy. 0:02:55.004,0:02:55.129 I[br]Well, first, you need energy. 0:02:55.129,0:02:55.254 I[br]E[br]Well, first, you need energy. 0:02:55.254,0:02:55.379 I[br]EN[br]Well, first, you need energy. 0:02:55.379,0:02:55.504 I[br]ENE[br]Well, first, you need energy. 0:02:55.504,0:02:55.629 I[br]ENER[br]Well, first, you need energy. 0:02:55.629,0:02:55.754 I[br]ENERG[br]Well, first, you need energy. 0:02:55.754,0:02:56.004 I[br]ENERGY[br]Well, first, you need energy. 0:02:56.004,0:02:56.254 I[br]ENERGY[br]e.g [br]Well, first, you need energy. 0:02:56.254,0:02:56.592 I[br]ENERGY[br]e.g Sunlight,[br]Well, first, you need energy. 0:02:56.592,0:02:56.717 I[br]ENERGY[br]e.g Sunlight, 0:02:56.717,0:03:00.004 I[br]ENERGY[br]e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat 0:03:00.004,0:03:00.066 I[br]ENERG[br]e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat 0:03:00.066,0:03:00.129 I[br]ENER[br]e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat 0:03:00.129,0:03:00.191 I[br]ENE[br]e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat 0:03:00.191,0:03:00.254 I[br]EN[br]e.g Sunlight, 0:03:00.254,0:03:00.316 I[br]E[br]e.g 0:03:00.316,0:03:00.379 I[br]E 0:03:00.379,0:03:00.629 I 0:03:01.512,0:03:03.262 But not too much. 0:03:03.971,0:03:05.741 What you want is just the right amount 0:03:05.741,0:03:07.461 and planets it turns out are just right, 0:03:07.545,0:03:08.826 because they are close to stars, 0:03:08.826,0:03:10.164 but not too close. 0:03:13.255,0:03:14.305 You also need a great diversity 0:03:14.305,0:03:14.555 II[br]You also need a great diversity 0:03:14.555,0:03:14.586 II[br]HE[br]You also need a great diversity 0:03:14.586,0:03:14.601 II[br]HEA[br]You also need a great diversity 0:03:14.601,0:03:14.617 II[br]HEAV[br]You also need a great diversity 0:03:14.617,0:03:14.664 II[br]HEAVY[br]You also need a great diversity 0:03:14.664,0:03:14.687 II[br]HEAVY E[br]You also need a great diversity 0:03:14.687,0:03:14.699 II[br]HEAVY EL[br]You also need a great diversity 0:03:14.699,0:03:14.711 II[br]HEAVY ELE[br]You also need a great diversity 0:03:14.711,0:03:14.758 II[br]HEAVY ELEM[br]You also need a great diversity 0:03:14.758,0:03:14.781 II[br]HEAVY ELEME[br]You also need a great diversity 0:03:14.781,0:03:14.793 II[br]HEAVY ELEMEN[br]You also need a great diversity 0:03:14.793,0:03:14.805 II[br]HEAVY ELEMENT[br]You also need a great diversity 0:03:14.805,0:03:15.505 II[br]HEAVY ELEMENTS[br]You also need a great diversity 0:03:15.505,0:03:15.630 II[br]HEAVY ELEMENTS[br]e.g[br]of chemical elements. 0:03:15.630,0:03:15.965 II[br]HEAVY ELEMENTS[br]e.g Oxygen,[br]of chemical elements. 0:03:15.965,0:03:16.388 II[br]HEAVY ELEMENTS[br]e.g Oxygen, Carbon,[br]of chemical elements. 0:03:16.388,0:03:17.021 II[br]HEAVY ELEMENTS[br]e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur[br]of chemical elements. 0:03:17.021,0:03:20.372 II[br]HEAVY ELEMENTS[br]e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur 0:03:20.372,0:03:20.403 II[br]HEAVY ELEMENT[br]e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur 0:03:20.403,0:03:20.434 II[br]HEAVY ELEMEN[br]e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur 0:03:20.434,0:03:20.465 II[br]HEAVY ELEME[br]e.g Oxygen, Carbon, 0:03:20.465,0:03:20.497 II[br]HEAVY ELEM[br]e.g Oxygen, Carbon, 0:03:20.497,0:03:20.528 II[br]HEAVY ELE[br]e.g Oxygen, Carbon, 0:03:20.528,0:03:20.559 II[br]HEAVY EL[br]e.g Oxygen, 0:03:20.559,0:03:20.590 II[br]HEAVY E[br]e.g 0:03:20.590,0:03:20.622 II[br]HEAVY 0:03:20.622,0:03:20.662 II[br]HEAV 0:03:20.662,0:03:20.703 II[br]HEA 0:03:20.703,0:03:20.743 II[br]HE 0:03:20.743,0:03:20.784 II[br]H 0:03:20.784,0:03:20.865 II 0:03:20.865,0:03:20.946 I 0:03:20.987,0:03:22.772 And you need liquid, 0:03:22.772,0:03:22.833 such as water. 0:03:22.833,0:03:22.896 III[br]such as water. 0:03:22.896,0:03:22.958 III[br]L[br]such as water. 0:03:22.958,0:03:23.020 III[br]LI[br]such as water. 0:03:23.020,0:03:23.083 III[br]LIQ[br]such as water. 0:03:23.083,0:03:23.208 III[br]LIQU[br]such as water. 0:03:23.208,0:03:23.315 III[br]LIQUI[br]such as water. 0:03:23.315,0:03:23.422 III[br]LIQUID[br]such as water. 0:03:23.422,0:03:23.529 III[br]LIQUID[br]such as water. 0:03:23.529,0:03:23.779 III[br]LIQUID[br]e.g[br]such as water. 0:03:23.779,0:03:24.195 III[br]LIQUID[br]e.g Water[br]such as water. 0:03:24.195,0:03:27.824 III[br]LIQUID[br]e.g. water 0:03:28.134,0:03:29.164 Why? 0:03:29.266,0:03:30.620 Well, in gases, 0:03:31.340,0:03:33.621 atoms move past each other so fast 0:03:33.621,0:03:35.760 that they can't hitch up. 0:03:36.242,0:03:39.492 In solids, atoms are stuck together. 0:03:39.492,0:03:40.628 They can't move. 0:03:41.479,0:03:42.748 In liquids, 0:03:43.957,0:03:46.767 they can cruise and cuddle 0:03:46.847,0:03:49.973 and link up to form molecules. 0:03:56.526,0:04:00.936 Liquid water is just so good for getting evolution going. 0:04:00.936,0:04:02.644 Molecules can dissolve in the water 0:04:02.644,0:04:05.504 to form more complex chains. 0:04:06.262,0:04:08.758 Now, where do you find such goldilocks conditions? 0:04:09.111,0:04:11.231 Well, planets are great, 0:04:11.960,0:04:16.170 and our early Earth was almost perfect. 0:04:17.949,0:04:18.336 Earth 0:04:18.336,0:04:24.326 Earth[br]4 Billion Years Ago 0:04:25.488,0:04:26.598 It was just the right distance 0:04:26.598,0:04:29.734 from its star to contain huge oceans of liquid water. 0:04:33.504,0:04:35.226 And deep beneath those oceans, 0:04:35.226,0:04:36.664 at cracks in the Earth's crust, 0:04:38.243,0:04:40.239 fantastic chemistry began to happen 0:04:40.289,0:04:43.503 atoms combined in all sorts of exotic combinations. 0:05:01.965,0:05:09.425 "The exact recipe is still a mystery, but the ingredients for life[br]are simple - energy, organic molecules, and liquid water." 0:05:30.406,0:05:37.846 "Somewhere in the seas of early Earth, basic chemistry [br]became biology - perhaps even more than once." 0:05:43.415,0:05:50.075 "The first cells were likely born in hot volcanic waters,[br]in conditions once thought impossible for biology." 0:05:52.198,0:05:59.188 "The closer we study life, the more extreme places we find it thriving." 0:05:59.188,0:05:59.898 "The closer we study life, the more extreme places we find it thriving."[br]Here on our planet, 0:05:59.898,0:06:01.238 Here on our planet, 0:06:01.324,0:06:02.754 microbes have adapted 0:06:02.754,0:06:06.254 to survive the most hostile conditions. 0:06:07.960,0:06:09.390 Arid deserts, 0:06:09.464,0:06:11.504 the frozen Himalayas, 0:06:12.734,0:06:16.494 in trenches under thousands of tons of pressure 0:06:16.613,0:06:18.953 in the ocean deeps. 0:06:21.237,0:06:24.507 In the vacuum of a space simulator, 0:06:24.597,0:06:28.617 life forms have been flourishing for years 0:06:28.972,0:06:33.312 without oxygen. 0:06:33.886,0:06:40.136 "New research suggests that life emerged over 4 billion years ago,[br]when Earth was an alien and deadly place." 0:06:44.108,0:06:50.488 "The planet was ravaged by intense volcanism [br]and an asteroid storm that lasted 100 million years." 0:07:04.514,0:07:09.914 "Yet even in these extreme conditions,[br]life quickly found a foothold." 0:07:09.914,0:07:11.149 "Yet even in these extreme conditions,[br]life quickly found a foothold."[br]Very very quickly, 0:07:11.149,0:07:12.473 Very very quickly, 0:07:12.473,0:07:15.783 as soon as the Earth cooled off after its formation, 0:07:15.873,0:07:20.953 we know that life began here. 0:07:22.508,0:07:25.228 Because it happened quickly here on Earth, 0:07:25.278,0:07:26.798 we think it is going to happen quickly 0:07:26.798,0:07:28.948 on other planets as well. 0:07:39.664,0:07:46.611 "The story of Earth gives us hope that life could be universally common." 0:07:48.399,0:07:54.870 "It teaches us that life is fast acting, tenacious, [br]and made of basic, common ingredients." 0:07:57.971,0:08:05.961 "After 4 billion years of isolation, [br]the search for our cosmic kin has finally begun." 0:08:10.261,0:08:17.401 "Where there is water, there is life - and so our best chance[br]is to look for ocean worlds like Earth." 0:08:20.577,0:08:27.917 "Our search for Earth-like planets has only just begun,[br]and the findings are tantalizing." 0:08:29.866,0:08:30.696 KEPLER-62F 0:08:30.696,0:08:30.946 KEPLER-62F[br]Distance: 1200 Light Years. 0:08:30.946,0:08:31.071 KEPLER-62F[br]Distance: 1200 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.4x Earth. 0:08:31.071,0:08:31.196 KEPLER-62F[br]Distance: 1200 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.4x Earth.[br]Temperature: ≥ -85ºF. 0:08:31.196,0:08:31.350 KEPLER-62F[br]Distance: 1200 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.4x Earth.[br]Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.[br]Age: ~7 billion years. 0:08:31.350,0:08:36.840 KEPLER-62F[br]Distance: 1200 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.4x Earth.[br]Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.[br]Age: ~7 billion years.[br]Possible Water World 0:08:36.840,0:08:37.090 KEPLER-62F[br]Distance: 1200 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.4x Earth.[br]Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.[br]Age: ~7 billion years. 0:08:37.090,0:08:37.340 KEPLER-62F[br]Distance: 1200 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.4x Earth.[br]Temperature: ≥ -85ºF. 0:08:37.340,0:08:37.465 KEPLER-62F[br]Distance: 1200 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.4x Earth. 0:08:37.465,0:08:37.527 KEPLER-62F[br]Distance: 1200 Light Years. 0:08:37.527,0:08:37.590 KEPLER-62F 0:08:38.833,0:08:39.566 TRAPPIST-1D 0:08:39.566,0:08:39.816 TRAPPIST-1D[br]Distance: 41 Light Years. 0:08:39.816,0:08:39.925 TRAPPIST-1D[br]Distance: 41 Light Years.[br]Size: 0.77x Earth. 0:08:39.925,0:08:40.034 TRAPPIST-1D[br]Distance: 41 Light Years.[br]Size: 0.77x Earth.[br]Age: ~7.5 billion years. 0:08:40.034,0:08:40.143 TRAPPIST-1D[br]Distance: 41 Light Years.[br]Size: 0.77x Earth.[br]Age: ~7.5 billion years.[br]Temperature: ≥ 20ºF. 0:08:40.143,0:08:46.568 TRAPPIST-1D[br]Distance: 41 Light Years.[br]Size: 0.77x Earth.[br]Age: ~7.5 billion years.[br]Temperature: ≥ 20ºF.[br]Possible Water World 0:08:46.568,0:08:46.818 TRAPPIST-1D[br]Distance: 41 Light Years.[br]Size: 0.77x Earth.[br]Age: ~7.5 billion years.[br]Temperature: ≥ 20ºF. 0:08:46.818,0:08:46.943 TRAPPIST-1D[br]Distance: 41 Light Years.[br]Size: 0.77x Earth.[br]Age: ~7.5 billion years. 0:08:46.943,0:08:47.068 TRAPPIST-1D[br]Distance: 41 Light Years.[br]Size: 0.77x Earth. 0:08:47.068,0:08:47.204 TRAPPIST-1D[br]Distance: 41 Light Years. 0:08:47.204,0:08:47.341 TRAPPIST-1D 0:08:48.973,0:08:49.747 TEEGARDEN-B 0:08:49.747,0:08:49.997 TEEGARDEN-B[br]Distance: 12 Light Years. 0:08:49.997,0:08:50.112 TEEGARDEN-B[br]Distance: 12 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.07x Earth. 0:08:50.112,0:08:50.227 TEEGARDEN-B[br]Distance: 12 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.07x Earth.[br]Age: 8 billion years. 0:08:50.227,0:08:50.342 TEEGARDEN-B[br]Distance: 12 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.07x Earth.[br]Age: 8 billion years.[br]Minimum temperature: ≥ 20ºF. 0:08:50.342,0:08:56.149 TEEGARDEN-B[br]Distance: 12 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.07x Earth.[br]Age: 8 billion years.[br]Minimum temperature: ≥ 20ºF.[br]Possible Water World 0:08:56.149,0:08:56.399 TEEGARDEN-B[br]Distance: 12 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.07x Earth.[br]Age: 8 billion years.[br]Minimum temperature: ≥ 20ºF. 0:08:56.399,0:08:56.524 TEEGARDEN-B[br]Distance: 12 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.07x Earth.[br]Age: 8 billion years. 0:08:56.524,0:08:56.649 TEEGARDEN-B[br]Distance: 12 Light Years.[br]Size: 1.07x Earth. 0:08:56.649,0:08:56.779 TEEGARDEN-B[br]Distance: 12 Light Years. 0:08:56.779,0:08:56.909 TEEGARDEN-B 0:08:58.908,0:08:59.759 K2-18B 0:08:59.759,0:09:00.009 K2-18B[br]Distance: 111 Light Years. 0:09:00.009,0:09:00.193 K2-18B[br]Distance: 111 Light Years.[br]Size: 2.7x Earth. 0:09:00.193,0:09:00.285 K2-18B[br]Distance: 111 Light Years.[br]Size: 2.7x Earth.[br]Temperature: -100 -116ºF. 0:09:00.285,0:09:07.842 K2-18B[br]Distance: 111 Light Years.[br]Size: 2.7x Earth.[br]Temperature: -100 -116ºF.[br]Confirmed atmospheric water vapor 0:09:07.842,0:09:08.092 K2-18B[br]Distance: 111 Light Years.[br]Size: 2.7x Earth.[br]Temperature: -100 -116ºF. 0:09:08.092,0:09:08.211 K2-18B[br]Distance: 111 Light Years.[br]Size: 2.7x Earth. 0:09:08.211,0:09:08.330 K2-18B[br]Distance: 111 Light Years. 0:09:08.330,0:09:08.449 K2-18B 0:09:10.708,0:09:17.858 "We have barely scratched the surface.[br]Nature's trove of secrets is bottomless." 0:09:17.858,0:09:20.086 "We have barely scratched the surface.[br]Nature's trove of secrets is bottomless."[br]We know that the galaxy is awash in water. 0:09:20.086,0:09:20.956 We know that the galaxy is awash in water. 0:09:26.475,0:09:28.965 It’s awash in organic molecules, 0:09:29.015,0:09:32.965 and complex chemistry. 0:09:33.964,0:09:35.504 All of the things that we know were 0:09:35.504,0:09:37.944 necessary for life to begin on this planet 0:09:38.024,0:09:40.734 exist on abundance throughout the galaxy. 0:09:47.259,0:09:50.250 Did something similar to what happened on our own planet 0:09:50.390,0:09:56.480 happen on those other planets? 0:09:59.078,0:10:05.168 "Looking at the raw numbers, the existence of alien life [br]seems almost inevitable." 0:10:12.209,0:10:20.889 "The latest data suggest that up to 1/4 of stars have rocky planets[br]orbiting in their habitable zone - the right distance for liquid water." 0:10:28.312,0:10:36.419 "In our Milk Way galaxy alone, that's ~50 billion worlds like Earth." 0:10:39.331,0:10:46.251 "In the entire universe, the possible number of habitable planets is staggering:" 0:10:46.251,0:10:52.871 "In the entire universe, the possible number of habitable planets is staggering:"[br]100,000,000,000,000,000,000. 0:10:55.623,0:11:00.793 "Imagine each flash of light represents an Earth-like planet." 0:11:03.428,0:11:10.851 "You would have to watch this animation for over a billion years to view them all." 0:11:20.569,0:11:26.939 "Each one with a history as rich and unique as Earth." 0:11:59.056,0:12:04.246 "Trillions and trillions of chemical soups, stewing for eons." 0:12:05.259,0:12:07.619 There are more habitable 0:12:07.619,0:12:10.609 Earth-mass planets in the observable volume 0:12:10.609,0:12:14.044 of the universe than there are grains of sand 0:12:14.224,0:12:16.301 on all the beaches on Earth. 0:12:31.794,0:12:39.620 "Among this abundance of worlds,[br]many will be deadly to life as we know it." 0:12:43.188,0:12:49.538 "There will be planets in the habitable zone that are[br]scorched, frozen, and suffocated by poison gases." 0:12:52.123,0:12:57.923 "Many will lack an atmosphere, critical for temperature regulation,[br]or have one that is deadly." 0:13:10.690,0:13:18.262 "Venus, once thought to potentially support life,[br]is now sterilized by a crushing, toxic atmosphere." 0:13:20.195,0:13:26.595 "But life may not be confined to the habitable zone." 0:13:31.003,0:13:39.623 "Far from the warmth of their star, the moons[br]of giant gas planets may be hidden oases for life." 0:13:42.695,0:13:51.625 "Their energy comes not from starlight, but from gravity - [br]the lurching push and pull of the host planet." 0:13:55.439,0:14:03.809 "Icy Enceladus has it all: a huge subsurface ocean[br]with hydrothermal vents spewing the chemistry of life." 0:14:08.224,0:14:15.354 "Titan is especially alluring - larger than Mercury[br]and speckled with methane lakes and organic compounds." 0:14:21.018,0:14:28.498 "In 2026, NASA plans to send a drone to Titan,[br]seeking out signs of life in its valleys and craters." 0:14:31.259,0:14:37.159 "There may be 100 trillion exomoons in our galaxy alone - [br]100 times the number of planets." 0:14:38.830,0:14:42.740 "Some may even be Earth sized,[br]with atmospheres and surface water." 0:14:44.228,0:14:50.186 "With so many places to find life, it seems only a matter of time [br]before we make a discovery." 0:14:52.048,0:14:55.607 "Some think we already have." 0:15:02.138,0:15:09.528 "On June 30, 1976, the Viking lander on Mars[br]found something that still remains unexplained." 0:15:13.035,0:15:22.165 "After being injected with nutrients, Martian sol samples [br]expelled signature radioactive gas - just like soils from Earth." 0:15:23.904,0:15:24.029 Sterilized Soil | 0:15:24.029,0:15:24.154 Sterilized Soil | Sterilized Soil | 0:15:24.154,0:15:40.984 Sterilized Soil | California Soil | Martian soil 0:15:41.710,0:15:49.930 "Was this signal a natural phenomenon, or our first[br]encounter with alien biology?" 0:15:50.512,0:15:53.700 The discovery of just one bacteria on Mars, 0:15:54.272,0:15:56.982 or any other body of the Solar System 0:15:57.711,0:16:01.230 would indicate that the whole chain of evolutions. 0:16:01.230,0:16:04.740 Cosmic, chemical and biological, 0:16:05.252,0:16:07.732 is at work everywhere. 0:16:08.473,0:16:09.753 In that case, 0:16:09.778,0:16:12.998 the creation of life anywhere in the universe 0:16:13.503,0:16:17.650 would be more the rule than the exception. 0:16:20.558,0:16:27.578 "If we haven't found life already, it may not be long until we do." 0:16:29.934,0:16:36.514 "NASA scientists now think we are on the verge of discovery." 0:16:36.514,0:16:39.061 "NASA scientists now think we are on the verge of discovery."[br]Within all of our lifetimes we're going to understand 0:16:39.061,0:16:40.607 "NASA scientists now think we are on the verge of discovery."[br]that there is life on other bodies in the Solar System. 0:16:40.607,0:16:41.377 that there is life on other bodies in the Solar System. 0:16:49.514,0:16:51.570 We're going to understand the implications of that 0:16:51.570,0:16:54.170 for evolution of life here on Earth. 0:16:56.274,0:16:57.864 We're going to find planets around 0:16:57.864,0:16:59.644 other stars that we can say 0:16:59.704,0:17:03.264 we see potential signs of habitability in their atmospheres. 0:17:05.998,0:17:09.108 That's all going to happen in the next 10 to 20 years. 0:17:10.008,0:17:12.038 How exciting is that? 0:17:13.783,0:17:15.404 We're on the verge of things that the 0:17:15.404,0:17:17.452 people have wondered about for millennia: 0:17:17.452,0:17:18.501 "Are we alone?" 0:17:21.004,0:17:25.224 And here we are on the verge of finding that out. 0:17:29.184,0:17:35.854 "If we do find life out there, what will we discover about ourselves?" 0:17:39.596,0:17:46.086 "What chapter is Earth in the story of life?" 0:17:47.749,0:17:51.239 The universe is nearly 14 billion years old. 0:17:52.029,0:17:55.759 And our galaxy is something like 12 billion years old. 0:17:56.220,0:17:58.480 So, there could be life out there 0:17:58.751,0:18:01.421 that could be dramatically more advanced 0:18:01.421,0:18:04.981 than the life that we have here on this planet. 0:18:06.195,0:18:10.145 "Is Earth a latecomer on the cosmic stage?" 0:18:11.188,0:18:14.838 "Just how ancient could life be?" 0:18:15.941,0:18:16.251 100 Thousand Years Ago 0:18:16.251,0:18:16.647 1 Million Years Ago 0:18:16.647,0:18:16.934 5 Million Years Ago 0:18:16.934,0:18:17.722 10 Million Years Ago 0:18:17.722,0:18:18.497 50 Million Years Ago 0:18:18.497,0:18:19.267 100 Million Years Ago 0:18:19.267,0:18:19.767 200 Million Years Ago 0:18:19.767,0:18:20.147 300 Million Years Ago 0:18:20.147,0:18:20.457 400 Million Years Ago 0:18:20.457,0:18:21.437 500 Million Years Ago 0:18:21.437,0:18:22.467 1 Billion Years Ago 0:18:22.467,0:18:23.127 2 Billion Years Ago 0:18:23.127,0:18:23.641 3 Billion Years Ago 0:18:23.641,0:18:23.956 4 Billion Years Ago 0:18:23.956,0:18:25.117 5 Billion Years Ago 0:18:25.117,0:18:25.553 10 Billion Years Ago 0:18:25.553,0:18:26.025 13.8 Billion Years Ago 0:18:26.507,0:18:26.987 Event: The Big Bang 0:18:33.670,0:18:39.500 "For its first few million years, the cosmos was too hot for life as we know it." 0:18:42.562,0:18:48.242 "The ambient temperature would have boiled you alive." 0:18:48.350,0:18:48.790 Event: The First Star 0:19:01.614,0:19:09.584 "When it was finally cool enough for life, there were no stars and planets.[br]Only huge lumbering clouds of hydrogen." 0:19:17.657,0:19:25.997 "After 70 million years, gravity took hold of these clouds[br]and spun them into the first generation of stars." 0:19:45.105,0:19:52.025 "The first stars were massive and bright,[br]but there was no life to watch them rise." 0:19:53.891,0:19:59.981 "Vital heavy elements were still being forged in their hot stellar cores.[br]Not even the Big Bang was hot enough to create them." 0:19:59.981,0:20:01.951 "Vital heavy elements were still being forged in their hot stellar cores.[br]Not even the Big Bang was hot enoughto create them."[br]The only elements that were created on The Big Bang were hydrogen, 0:20:01.951,0:20:02.751 The only elements that were created on the Big Bang were hydrogen, 0:20:02.992,0:20:05.152 helium and a little bit of lithium. 0:20:07.483,0:20:09.978 All the stuff that makes your life livable 0:20:09.978,0:20:13.458 those elements weren't created on the Big Bang. 0:20:15.527,0:20:16.927 The only place they were created 0:20:17.005,0:20:18.725 is in the fiery cores of stars 0:20:18.725,0:20:21.485 and the only way they could get into your body 0:20:21.781,0:20:24.311 is if the stars were kind enough to explode. 0:20:24.338,0:20:24.838 Event: Death And Rebirth 0:20:37.661,0:20:44.141 "The explosive death of the first mid-sized stars[br]seeded the cosmos with the ingredients for life." 0:20:48.411,0:20:55.841 "From their ashes rose a second generation of suns -[br]this time with rocky planets dancing around them." 0:20:58.457,0:21:03.697 "This is the moment: the raw ingredients for life together[br]for the first time, ~13.7 billion years ago." 0:21:11.106,0:21:17.986 "Some believe the conditions for life existed even earlier, in the warm afterglow of creation." 0:21:25.859,0:21:32.400 "As the heat from the Big Bang faded,[br]the universe passed through a goldilocks era." 0:21:38.167,0:21:45.857 "Some 15 million years after time began,[br]the ambient temperature reached a balmy 75º F (24º C)." 0:21:51.097,0:21:57.367 "For millions of years, it was warm in all directions,[br]like an endless summer day on Earth." 0:22:00.414,0:22:09.104 "In theory, stars and planets could have formed this early on,[br]in hypothesized ultra-dense regions of space." 0:22:14.834,0:22:24.314 "If such regions existed, liquid water could have flowed abundantly,[br]even on rogue planets far from any star." 0:22:29.748,0:22:37.918 "Could this have been dawn of life?[br]Alien beings feeding off the heat of the Big Bang?" 0:22:44.069,0:22:49.531 "Somewhere out there may be a planet with life[br]nearly as old as the universe itself." 0:22:52.430,0:23:03.110 "With a 10 billion year head start, the universe could be teeming with[br]life far more advanced than our own." 0:23:06.062,0:23:14.883 "Despite decades of searching, no sign of alien life[br]has ever been confirmed, intelligent or otherwise." 0:23:17.849,0:23:25.089 "So where is everybody?" 0:23:28.186,0:23:34.506 "Could we really be alone?" 0:23:44.579,0:23:55.264 "Maybe primitive life is common, but intelligence is exceedingly rare." 0:24:04.328,0:24:11.048 "Maybe space is just too vast for feasible communication." 0:24:17.705,0:24:21.675 "Or maybe we are the first." 0:24:23.189,0:24:30.299 "Could we be the opening chapter in a sprawling history of life?" 0:24:36.915,0:24:40.188 13.8 Billion Years 0:24:40.188,0:24:41.447 14 Billion Years 0:24:41.447,0:24:42.528 15 Billion Years 0:24:42.528,0:24:43.278 16 Billion Years 0:24:43.278,0:24:43.818 17 Billion Years 0:24:43.818,0:24:44.278 18 Billion Years 0:24:44.278,0:24:44.658 19 Billion Years 0:24:44.658,0:24:45.018 20 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born." 0:24:45.018,0:24:45.318 21 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born." 0:24:45.318,0:24:45.618 22 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born." 0:24:45.618,0:24:45.868 23 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born." 0:24:45.868,0:24:46.118 24 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born." 0:24:46.118,0:24:47.028 25 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born." 0:24:47.028,0:24:47.758 30 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born." 0:24:47.758,0:24:48.358 35 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born." 0:24:48.358,0:24:48.868 40 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born." 0:24:48.868,0:24:49.368 45 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born." 0:24:49.368,0:24:49.788 50 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born." 0:24:49.788,0:24:50.157 55 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born." 0:24:50.157,0:24:50.498 60 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born." 0:24:50.498,0:24:50.828 65 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born." 0:24:50.828,0:24:51.408 70 Billion Years[br]"The universe is young, and the vast majority[br]of planets have yet to be born." 0:24:51.408,0:24:51.958 80 Billion Years 0:24:51.958,0:24:52.478 90 Billion Years 0:24:52.478,0:24:52.877 100 Billion Years 0:24:52.877,0:24:53.287 110 Billion Years 0:24:53.287,0:24:53.677 120 Billion Years 0:24:53.677,0:24:54.007 130 Billion Years 0:24:54.007,0:24:54.340 140 Billion Years 0:24:54.340,0:24:55.737 150 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years." 0:24:55.737,0:24:56.697 200 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years." 0:24:56.697,0:24:57.458 250 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years." 0:24:57.458,0:24:58.097 300 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years." 0:24:58.097,0:24:58.627 350 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years." 0:24:58.627,0:24:59.117 400 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years." 0:24:59.117,0:24:59.533 450 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years." 0:24:59.533,0:25:00.273 500 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years." 0:25:00.273,0:25:00.963 600 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years." 0:25:00.963,0:25:01.503 700 Billion Years[br]"The ingredients for life will be stewing[br]for another 100,000,000,000,000 years." 0:25:01.503,0:25:02.334 800 Billion Years 0:25:02.334,0:25:04.303 900 Billion Years 0:25:04.303,0:25:04.883 900 Billion Years[br]"From this perspective, we are the dawn:[br]the opening melody in a symphony of life." 0:25:04.883,0:25:05.133 1 Trillion Years[br]"From this perspective, we are the dawn:[br]the opening melody in a symphony of life." 0:25:05.133,0:25:05.506 2 Trillion Years[br]"From this perspective, we are the dawn:[br]the opening melody in a symphony of life." 0:25:05.506,0:25:06.256 4 Trillion Years[br]"From this perspective, we are the dawn:[br]the opening melody in a symphony of life." 0:25:06.256,0:25:07.726 8 Trillion Years[br]"From this perspective, we are the dawn:[br]the opening melody in a symphony of life." 0:25:07.726,0:25:10.376 16 Trillion Years[br]"From this perspective, we are the dawn:[br]the opening melody in a symphony of life." 0:25:10.376,0:25:13.050 32 Trillion Years[br]"From this perspective, we are the dawn:[br]the opening melody in a symphony of life." 0:25:13.050,0:25:14.916 32 Trillion Years 0:25:14.916,0:25:15.698 64 Trillion Years 0:25:15.698,0:25:17.017 70 Trillion Years 0:25:17.017,0:25:18.418 80 Trillion Years 0:25:18.418,0:25:19.118 90 Trillion Years 0:25:19.118,0:25:19.818 95 Trillion Years 0:25:19.818,0:25:20.068 ~100 Trillion Years Later 0:25:20.068,0:25:23.353 Event: Last Star Dies[br]~100 Trillion Years Later 0:25:23.663,0:25:28.423 "What might come long after us?" 0:25:37.645,0:25:45.435 "Red dwarf stars can live up to 10 trillion years,[br]bathing their planets in starlight for eons." 0:25:56.299,0:26:01.149 "Life is much more probable on these time scales,[br]where conditions are stable for vast periods of time." 0:26:10.144,0:26:16.734 "Any beings living close to these stars would have to contend[br]with violent solar flares that continually threaten extinction." 0:26:20.024,0:26:30.304 "Many of these planets would be tidally locked - one side permanently[br]exposed to the sun, the other frozen in darkness." 0:26:34.073,0:26:39.993 "But as Earth has taught us, life is remarkably adaptable." 0:26:42.502,0:26:49.395 "What forms might life take when it has trillions of years to evolve?" 0:27:23.932,0:27:29.592 "One day, somehow, the story of life will come to an end." 0:27:32.373,0:27:40.133 "If we are the first chapter of that story, we have the chance [br]to carry the torch of life far into the future." 0:27:57.674,0:28:05.824 "And if biology does persist far into the future,[br]then we live in a privileged moment." 0:28:09.675,0:28:14.895 In later chapters, the universe will seem far different. 0:28:17.924,0:28:24.148 "The expansion of spacetime will make distant stars invisible, [br]and the night skies will go dark." 0:28:26.681,0:28:35.861 "Perhaps life in the far future will wonder:[br]What it was like to live in the universe's brilliant early days?" 0:28:38.190,0:28:42.710 "We are lucky enough to know the answer." 0:28:48.685,0:28:53.595 "All we have to do is look up." 0:29:06.289,0:29:12.007 Hand Crafted By Melodysheep 0:29:12.007,0:29:15.557 Hand Crafted By Melodysheep[br]Supported By 0:29:15.557,0:29:17.647 Hand Crafted By Melodysheep[br]Supported By[br]Protocol Labs 0:29:17.647,0:29:18.887 Supported By[br]Protocol Labs[br]Featuring The Voices Of 0:29:18.887,0:29:19.767 Protocol Labs[br]Featuring The Voices Of[br]Douglas Rain 0:29:19.767,0:29:20.557 Featuring The Voices Of[br]Douglas Rain[br]Orson Welles 0:29:20.557,0:29:21.327 Douglas Rain[br]Orson Welles[br]David Christian 0:29:21.327,0:29:22.087 Orson Welles[br]David Christian[br]Michelle Thaller 0:29:22.087,0:29:22.887 David Christian[br]Michelle Thaller[br]Andrew Siemion 0:29:22.887,0:29:23.647 Michelle Thaller[br]Andrew Siemion[br]Dan Werthimer 0:29:23.647,0:29:24.347 Andrew Siemion[br]Dan Werthimer[br]Avi Loeb 0:29:24.347,0:29:25.217 Dan Werthimer[br]Avi Loeb[br]Ellen Stofan 0:29:25.217,0:29:26.627 Avi Loeb[br]Ellen Stofan[br]Lawrence Krauss 0:29:26.627,0:29:27.987 Ellen Stofan[br]Lawrence Krauss[br]Concept, Music & Visuals By 0:29:27.987,0:29:29.567 Lawrence Krauss[br]Concept, Music & Visuals By[br]Melodysheep / John D. Boswell 0:29:29.567,0:29:30.797 Concept, Music & Visuals By[br]Melodysheep / John D. Boswell[br]Additional Visuals By 0:29:30.797,0:29:31.617 Melodysheep / John D. Boswell[br]Additional Visuals By[br]Julius Horsthuis 0:29:31.617,0:29:32.367 Additional Visuals By[br]Julius Horsthuis[br]Konstantin Kovalenko 0:29:32.367,0:29:33.237 Julius Horsthuis[br]Konstantin Kovalenko[br]NASA 0:29:33.237,0:29:34.617 Konstantin Kovalenko[br]NASA[br]Evolve 0:29:34.617,0:29:36.117 NASA[br]Evolve[br]Special Thanks To 0:29:36.117,0:29:36.917 Evolve[br]Special Thanks To[br]Juan Benet 0:29:36.917,0:29:37.717 Special Thanks To[br]Juan Benet[br]Julius Horsthuis 0:29:37.717,0:29:39.227 Juan Benet[br]Julius Horsthuis[br]Konstantin Kovalenko 0:29:39.227,0:29:40.707 Julius Horsthuis[br]Konstantin Kovalenko[br]My Patreon Supporters 0:29:40.707,0:29:41.997 Konstantin Kovalenko[br]My Patreon Supporters[br]Support This Production At 0:29:41.997,0:29:43.557 My Patreon Supporters[br]Support This Production At[br]patreon.com/melodysheep 0:29:43.557,0:29:44.327 Support This Production At[br]patreon.com/melodysheep[br]Melodysheep.com 0:29:44.327,0:29:45.097 patreon.com/melodysheep[br]Melodysheep.com[br]Twitter: @musicalscience 0:29:45.097,0:29:46.677 Melodysheep.com[br]Twitter: @musicalscience[br]Instagram: @melodysheep_ 0:29:46.677,0:29:47.837 Twitter: @musicalscience[br]Instagram: @melodysheep_[br]An 0:29:47.837,0:29:49.227 Instagram: @melodysheep_[br]An[br]Amber Mountain Studios 0:29:49.227,0:29:59.379 An[br]Amber Mountain Studios[br]Production 0:30:07.787,0:30:08.717 LIFE 0:30:08.717,0:30:13.439 LIFE BEYOND 0:30:15.365,0:30:22.000 Next on Life Beyond:[br]Make contect with intelligent life[br]Surviving the end of the universe[br]The physics of alien life[br]& more 0:30:22.000,0:30:26.000 Subtitler:[br]Ernesryst Sautrie[br]Erick Soares Figueiredo[br]fpetras