[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.06,0:00:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In all of time
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.02,0:00:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on all the planets of
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.56,0:00:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the galaxies in space
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.66,0:00:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what civilizations have risen,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.48,0:00:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looked into the night
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.24,0:00:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seen what we see
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.64,0:00:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asked the questions that we ask?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.74,0:02:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we see around us
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.20,0:02:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is staggering complexity
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.34,0:02:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How is it possible?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.54,0:02:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Living organisms are created by chemistry
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.38,0:02:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are huge packages of chemicals
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.24,0:02:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what are the ideal conditions for chemistry?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.30,0:02:56.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, first, you need energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.58,0:03:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not too much.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.60,0:03:05.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you want is just the right amount
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.70,0:03:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and planets it turns out are just right
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.12,0:03:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they are close to stars, but not too close
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.68,0:03:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You also need a great diversity of chemical elements.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.12,0:03:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you need liquid, such as water.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.38,0:03:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.54,0:03:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, is gases, atoms move past each other so fast
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.32,0:03:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they can't hitch up.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.32,0:03:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In solids, atoms are stuck together
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.78,0:03:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can’t move.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.50,0:03:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In liquids,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.30,0:03:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can cruise and cuddle
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.28,0:03:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and link up to form molecules.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.40,0:03:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,liquid water is just so good
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.36,0:04:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for getting evolution going
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.78,0:04:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,molecules can dissolve in the water,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.64,0:04:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,form more complex chains
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.22,0:04:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, where do you find such Goldilocks conditions?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.20,0:04:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, planets are great
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.14,0:04:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our early Earth was almost perfect
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.40,0:04:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was just the right distance from its star
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.38,0:04:30.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to contain huge oceans of liquid water.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.44,0:04:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And deep beneath those oceans,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.52,0:04:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at cracks in the Earth's crust,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.38,0:04:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fantastic chemistry began to happen
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.08,0:04:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and atoms combined in all sorts of exotic combinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.28,0:06:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here, on our planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.20,0:06:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,microbes have adapted
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.86,0:06:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to survive the most hostile conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.04,0:06:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arid deserts,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.60,0:06:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the frozen Himalayas
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.88,0:06:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in trenches under thousands of tons of pressure
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.76,0:06:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the ocean deeps.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.50,0:06:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the vacuum of a space simulator
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.58,0:06:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,life forms have been flourishing for years
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.16,0:06:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.02,0:07:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very very quickly,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.56,0:07:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as soon as the Earth cooled off,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.54,0:07:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after its formation, we know that life began here.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.82,0:07:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it happened quickly here on Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.44,0:07:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we think it's going to happen quickly
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.08,0:07:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on other planets as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.94,0:09:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that the galaxy is awash in water,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.54,0:09:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it’s awash in organic molecules,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.24,0:09:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and complex chemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.08,0:09:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of the things that we know
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.42,0:09:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were necessary for life to begin on this planet
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.24,0:09:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exist in abundance throughout the galaxy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.62,0:09:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did something similar to what happened on our own planet
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.56,0:09:53.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happen on those other planets?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.42,0:12:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are more habitable Earth-mass planets
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.32,0:12:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the observable volume of the universe
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.96,0:12:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than there are grains of sand
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.14,0:12:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on all the beaches on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.84,0:15:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The discovery of just one bacteria on Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.66,0:15:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or any other body of the solar system,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.72,0:16:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would indicate that the whole chain of evolutions
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.80,0:16:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cosmic, chemical, and biological
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.44,0:16:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is at work everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.20,0:16:09.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that case,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.14,0:16:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the creation of life anywhere in the universe
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.84,0:16:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be more the rule than the exception.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.60,0:16:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Within all of our lifetimes we're going to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.48,0:16:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there is life on other bodies in the solar system.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.50,0:16:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to understand the implications of that
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.90,0:16:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for evolution of life here on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.20,0:16:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to find planets around other stars
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.88,0:17:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can say we see potential signs of habitability
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.02,0:17:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their atmospheres.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.56,0:17:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's all going to happen in the next 10 to 20 years
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.00,0:17:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How exciting is that?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.96,0:17:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're on the verge of things
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.40,0:17:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people have wondered about for millennia:
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.54,0:17:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Are we alone?"
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.42,0:17:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here we are on the verge of finding that out.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.10,0:17:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Universe is nearly 14 billion years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.08,0:17:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our Galaxy is something like 12 billion years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.20,0:17:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there could be life out there
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.90,0:18:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could be dramatically more advanced
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.10,0:18:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the life that we have here on this planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.92,0:20:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only elements that were created in the Big Bang
Dialogue: 0,0:20:02.46,0:20:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where hydrogen, helium and a little bit of lithium.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:07.78,0:20:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the stuff that makes your life livable -
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.22,0:20:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those elements weren't created in the Big Bang.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:15.54,0:20:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only place they're created
Dialogue: 0,0:20:17.16,0:20:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in the fiery core of a star
Dialogue: 0,0:20:19.08,0:20:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the only way for them to get into your body
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.12,0:20:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is if those stars were kind enough to explode.