[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.40,0:00:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if you could take a pill or a vaccine
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.94,0:00:06.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, just like getting over a cold,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.69,0:00:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could heal your wounds faster.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.81,0:00:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, if we have\Nan operation or an accident,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.36,0:00:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're in the hospital for weeks,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.00,0:00:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and often left with scars\Nand painful side effects
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.65,0:00:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our inability to regenerate\Nor regrow healthy, uninjured organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.44,0:00:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I work to create materials
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.49,0:00:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that instruct our immune system to give us\Nthe signals to grow new tissues.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.50,0:00:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just like vaccines instruct\Nour body to fight disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.60,0:00:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could instead instruct\Nour immune system
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.35,0:00:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build tissues\Nand more quickly heal wounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.89,0:00:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, regrowing body parts out of nowhere\Nmight seem like magic,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.69,0:00:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are several organisms\Nthat can achieve this feat.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.90,0:00:48.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some lizards can regrow their tails,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.37,0:00:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the humble salamander\Ncan completely regenerate their arm,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.34,0:00:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even us mere humans\Ncan regrow our liver
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.25,0:00:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after losing more than half\Nof its original mass.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.62,0:01:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To make this magic\Na bit closer to reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.27,0:01:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm investigating how our body\Ncan heal wounds and build tissue
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.39,0:01:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through instructions\Nfrom the immune system.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.39,0:01:11.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From a scrape on your knee\Nto that annoying sinus infection,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.94,0:01:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our immune system defends\Nour body from danger.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.20,0:01:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm an immunologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.68,0:01:19.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by using what I know\Nabout our body's defense system,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.74,0:01:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was able to identify key players
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.94,0:01:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our fight to build back\Nour cuts and bruises.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.44,0:01:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When looking at materials\Nthat are currently being tested
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.13,0:01:30.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for their abilities to help regrow muscle,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.35,0:01:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our team noticed that after treating\Nan injured muscle with these materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.53,0:01:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a large number of immune cells
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.88,0:01:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that material\Nand the surrounding muscle.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.01,0:01:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in this case,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.19,0:01:45.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of the immune cells rushing off\Ntowards infection to fight bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.43,0:01:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're rushing towards an injury.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.92,0:01:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I discovered a specific\Ntype of immune cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.78,0:01:52.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the helper T cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.10,0:01:54.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was present inside\Nthat material that I implanted
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.85,0:01:57.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and absolutely critical for wound healing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.32,0:02:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, just like when you were a kid\Nand you'd break your pencil
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.79,0:02:04.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try and tape it back together again,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.35,0:02:05.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can heal,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.53,0:02:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it might not be\Nin the most functional way,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.80,0:02:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'll get a scar.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.52,0:02:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we don't have these helper T cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.52,0:02:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of healthy muscle,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.13,0:02:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our muscle develops\Nfat cells inside of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.77,0:02:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if there's fat in our muscle,\Nit isn't as strong.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.03,0:02:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, using our immune system,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.46,0:02:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our body could grow back\Nwithout these scars
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.98,0:02:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and look like what it was\Nbefore we were even injured.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.13,0:02:31.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm working to create materials
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.71,0:02:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that give us the signals\Nto build new tissue
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.02,0:02:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by changing the immune response.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.84,0:02:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that any time a material\Nis implanted in our body,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.08,0:02:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the immune system will respond to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.16,0:02:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This ranges from pacemakers\Nto insulin pumps
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.69,0:02:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the materials that engineers are using\Nto try and build new tissue.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.93,0:02:55.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when I place that material,\Nor scaffold, in the body,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.02,0:03:00.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the immune system creates\Na small environment of cells and proteins
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.45,0:03:03.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can change the way\Nthat our stem cells behave.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.82,0:03:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, just like the weather\Naffects our daily activities,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.74,0:03:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like going for a run
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.09,0:03:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or staying inside and binge-watching\Nan entire TV show on Netflix,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.60,0:03:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the immune environment of a scaffold
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.59,0:03:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,affects the way that\Nour stem cells grow and develop.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.88,0:03:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we have the wrong signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.92,0:03:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say the Netflix signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.62,0:03:25.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we get fat cells instead of muscle.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.79,0:03:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These scaffolds are made\Nof a variety of different things,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.94,0:03:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from plastics to naturally\Ndried materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.33,0:03:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nanofibers of varying thicknesses,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.10,0:03:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sponges that are more or less porous,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.54,0:03:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gels of different stiffnesses.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.68,0:03:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And researchers\Ncan even make the materials
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.82,0:03:44.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,release different signals over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.47,0:03:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in other words, we can orchestrate\Nthis Broadway show of cells
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.74,0:03:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by giving them the correct\Nstage, cues and props
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.62,0:03:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can be changed for different tissues.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.87,0:03:59.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just like a producer would change the set
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.09,0:04:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for "Les Mis" versus\N"Little Shop of Horrors,"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.40,0:04:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm combining specific types of signals
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.11,0:04:09.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that mimic how our body responds to injury\Nto help us regenerate.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.28,0:04:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the future, we could see\Na scar-proof band-aid,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.84,0:04:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a moldable muscle filler\Nor even a wound-healing vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.84,0:04:21.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we aren't going to wake up tomorrow\Nand be able to heal like Wolverine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.44,0:04:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably not next Tuesday, either.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.33,0:04:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But with these advances,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.54,0:04:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and working with our immune system\Nto help build tissue and heal wounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.76,0:04:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could begin seeing\Nproducts on the market
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.02,0:04:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that work with our body's defense system\Nto help us regenerate,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.91,0:04:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe one day be able\Nto keep pace with a salamander.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.88,0:04:41.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.05,0:04:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)