[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.90,0:00:04.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if you could take a pill or a vaccine
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.100,0:00:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, just like getting over a cold,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.78,0:00:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could heal your wounds faster.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.04,0:00:12.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, if we have\Nan operation or an accident,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.59,0:00:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're in the hospital for weeks,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.52,0:00:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and often left with scars\Nand painful side effects
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.83,0:00:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our inability to regenerate\Nor regrow healthy, uninjured organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.44,0:00:24.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I work to create materials
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.49,0:00:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that instruct our immune system to give us\Nthe signals to grow new tissues.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.39,0:00:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just like vaccines instruct\Nour body to fight disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.70,0:00:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could instead instruct\Nour immune system
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.41,0:00:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build tissues
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.86,0:00:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more quickly heal wounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.84,0:00:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, regrowing body parts out of nowhere\Nmight seem like magic,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.90,0:00:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are several organisms\Nthat can achieve this feat.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.02,0:00:48.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some lizards can regrow their tails,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.37,0:00:51.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the humble salamander\Ncan completely regenerate their arm,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.48,0:00:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even us mere humans\Ncan regrow our liver
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.54,0:00:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after losing more than half\Nof its original mass.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.73,0:01:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To make this magic\Na bit closer to reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.13,0:01:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm investigating how our body\Ncan heal wounds and build tissue
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.14,0:01:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through instructions\Nfrom the immune system.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.95,0:01:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From a scrape on your knee\Nto that annoying sinus infection,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.28,0:01:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our immune system defends\Nour body from danger.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.26,0:01:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm an immunologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.82,0:01:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by using what I know\Nabout our body's defense system,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.68,0:01:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was able to identify key players
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.18,0:01:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our fight to build back\Nour cuts and bruises.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.62,0:01:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When looking at materials\Nthat are currently being tested
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.23,0:01:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for their abilities to help regrow muscle,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.54,0:01:34.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our team noticed that after treating\Nan injured muscle with these materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.65,0:01:36.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a large number of immune cells
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.95,0:01:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that material and\Nthe surrounding muscle.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.84,0:01:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in this case, instead of\Nthe immune cells
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.53,0:01:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rushing off towards infection\Nto fight bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.61,0:01:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're rushing towards an injury.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.72,0:01:50.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I discovered a specific\Ntype of immune cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.57,0:01:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the helper T cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.38,0:01:55.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was present inside\Nthat material that I implanted
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.09,0:01:58.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and absolutely critical for wound healing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.37,0:02:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, just like when you were a kid\Nand you'd break your pencil
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.02,0:02:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try and tape it back together again,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.58,0:02:05.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can heal,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.75,0:02:08.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it might not be\Nin the most functional way,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.02,0:02:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'll get a scar.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.68,0:02:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we don't have these helper T cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.56,0:02:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of healthy muscle,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.35,0:02:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our muscle develops\Nfat cells inside of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.05,0:02:19.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if there's fat in our muscle,\Nit isn't as strong.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.24,0:02:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, using our immune system,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.58,0:02:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our body could grow back\Nwithout these scars
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.01,0:02:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and look like what it was\Nbefore we were even injured.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.74,0:02:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm working to create materials
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.52,0:02:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that give us the signals\Nto build new tissue
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.04,0:02:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by changing the immune response.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.75,0:02:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that any time a material\Nis implanted in our body,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.08,0:02:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the immune system will respond to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.41,0:02:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This ranges from pacemakers\Nto insulin pumps
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.77,0:02:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the materials that engineers are using\Nto try and build new tissue.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.19,0:02:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when I place that material,\Nor scaffold, in the body,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.96,0:03:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the immune system creates\Na small environment of cells and proteins
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.64,0:03:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can change the way\Nthat our stem cells behave.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.08,0:03:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, just like the weather\Naffects our daily activities,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.80,0:03:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like going for a run
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.64,0:03:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or staying inside and binge-watching\Nan entire TV show on Netflix,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.77,0:03:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the immune environment of a scaffold
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.16,0:03:19.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,affects the way that\Nour stem cells grow and develop.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.01,0:03:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we have the wrong signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.15,0:03:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say the Netflix signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.90,0:03:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we get fat cells instead of muscle.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.53,0:03:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These scaffolds are made\Nof a variety of different things,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.09,0:03:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from plastics to naturally\Ndried materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.42,0:03:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nanofibers of varying thicknesses,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.18,0:03:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sponges that are more or less porous,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.65,0:03:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gels of different stiffnesses.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.87,0:03:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And researchers can even\Nmake the materials
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.05,0:03:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,release different signals over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.64,0:03:50.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in other words, we can orchestrate\Nthis Broadway show of cells
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.83,0:03:54.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by giving them the correct\Nstage, cues and props,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.79,0:03:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can be changed for different tissues.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.85,0:03:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just like a producer would change the set
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.09,0:04:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for "Les Mis" versus\N"Little Shop of Horrors,"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.66,0:04:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm combining specific types of signals
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.37,0:04:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that mimic how our body responds to injury\Nto help us regenerate.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.44,0:04:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the future, we could see\Na scar-proof band-aid,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.84,0:04:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a moldable muscle filler,\Nor even a wound-healing vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.06,0:04:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we aren't going to wake up tomorrow\Nand be able to heal like Wolverine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.66,0:04:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably not next Tuesday either.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.55,0:04:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But with these advances,\Nand working with our immune system
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.74,0:04:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help build tissue and heal wounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.94,0:04:31.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could begin seeing\Nproducts on the market
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.02,0:04:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that work with our body's defense system\Nto help us regenerate,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.12,0:04:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe one day be able\Nto keep pace with a salamander.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.46,0:04:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.33,0:04:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)