[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.02,0:00:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm really excited to be here;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.86,0:00:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm excited to talk with you all,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.60,0:00:25.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,share some of what I know, \Nsome of what I've learned.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.99,0:00:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'm also kind of confused.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.94,0:00:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because in my mind, TED Talks,\NTEDx Talks, TEDxYouth Talks,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.89,0:00:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're given by people\Nwith a path and a vision.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.58,0:00:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I still have no idea \Nwhat I want to be when I grow up.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.14,0:00:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been putting off having to choose.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.53,0:00:47.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was very small,\NI was told that I was smart.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.07,0:00:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And not just any kind of smart:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.66,0:00:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was told that I was scientifically\Nand mathematically inclined,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.59,0:00:55.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as opposed to someone like my brother
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.72,0:00:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was deemed talented\Nin things like language and art.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.94,0:01:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was told, "Girls can too,"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.47,0:01:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was a phrase meant to inspire me
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.30,0:01:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep studying mathematics\Nand go into the hard sciences.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.15,0:01:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was told about my dad's work\Nfor the Air Force,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.19,0:01:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how he always wished\Nhe had completed his pilot's license,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.86,0:01:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how when he was a kid,\Nhe used to build rockets.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.62,0:01:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was told bedtime stories\Nof Shannon Lucid and Sally Ride,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.56,0:01:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if I wanted to stay up late\Nto watch a shuttle launch,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.43,0:01:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my parents let me.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.29,0:01:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's no surprise that I wanted\Nto be an astronaut.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.00,0:01:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At five,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.01,0:01:35.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could have told you I wanted to earn\Nmy bachelor's degree from Annapolis,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.53,0:01:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become a jet jockey,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.13,0:01:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then apply to NASA.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.45,0:01:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone was so proud\Nand so impressed at this little kid
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.11,0:01:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this well-thought-out\Nand well-researched life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.24,0:01:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when I was 14,\NI stopped really caring about school.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.45,0:01:53.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our country was two years into a new war,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.99,0:01:56.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as I started to learn\Nmore about the military,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.71,0:02:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I realized I didn't want to be\Na part of that system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.47,0:02:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite being one of the most common paths\Nto becoming an astronaut,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.02,0:02:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started to find\NI didn't want to go Annapolis,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.31,0:02:09.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't want to be a jet jockey,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.07,0:02:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't want to become an astronaut.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.37,0:02:13.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.41,0:02:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this goal that I had been pointed at\Nby parents and teachers and friends,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.42,0:02:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this piece of my identity,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.60,0:02:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was suddenly gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.98,0:02:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had lost my destiny.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.51,0:02:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I felt like such a disappointment,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.52,0:02:30.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like whatever I did\Nfor the rest of my life,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.17,0:02:31.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no matter how well I did it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.62,0:02:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would always be in the shadow\Nof this monumental failure,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.51,0:02:39.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a failure to even get started.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.84,0:02:43.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Luckily, the grownups\Nweren't completely wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.87,0:02:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I still depend on mankind's number one\Nevolutionary advantage:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.39,0:02:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.80,0:02:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't have the biggest brains\Nin the animal kingdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.44,0:02:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not by a long shot.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.12,0:02:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is the prefrontal cortex,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.98,0:03:01.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've evolved to have really big ones\Nwhen compared to the rest of our brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.62,0:03:03.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The prefrontal cortex is responsible
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.34,0:03:07.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for everything that we think\Nthat make us different from other animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.34,0:03:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's responsible for executive function.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.21,0:03:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's responsible\Nfor our ability to empathize,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.66,0:03:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our ability to think ahead and plan,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.72,0:03:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,predict what's going to happen\Nin the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.82,0:03:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's responsible for social control.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.64,0:03:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our really big prefrontal cortexes\Nmakes us problem-solving machines.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.50,0:03:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're decisions makers.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.67,0:03:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When presented with a list of options,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.49,0:03:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're not only able to quickly\Nand efficiently make a choice,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.46,0:03:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we're able to generate new options
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.89,0:03:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from outside of\Nthe originally defined set.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.38,0:03:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of all of the choices\Nthat you're making right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.25,0:03:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just sitting in this theater.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.49,0:03:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're choosing not to get up\Nand start dancing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.76,0:03:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're choosing to listen.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.100,0:03:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're choosing not to wet your pants,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.07,0:03:54.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.19,0:03:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.30,0:03:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.38,0:03:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of these choices
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.42,0:04:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your brain makes without you having\Nto devote any conscious awareness to them.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.83,0:04:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some choices, like what to be\Nwhen you will grow up,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.91,0:04:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are a much, much bigger deal.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.12,0:04:09.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since closing the door\Non being an astronaut,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.23,0:04:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my education background\Nhas been in economics, political science,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.89,0:04:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mathematics, neuroeconomics\Nand neurobiology.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.88,0:04:17.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which basically means
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.89,0:04:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I was presented\Nwith a list of majors in college,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.46,0:04:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just refused to make a decision
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.28,0:04:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and looked for the box\Nmarked "All of the above."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.46,0:04:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.53,0:04:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'm going to let you in\Non a little secret.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.83,0:04:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that economics,\Nneuroscience and political science
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.13,0:04:37.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all actually study the exact same thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.61,0:04:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is, Why do people make\Nthe decisions that they make,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.07,0:04:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes even working\Nagainst their own best interest?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.79,0:04:49.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see people working minimum-wage jobs\Nvoting against minimum-wage hikes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.94,0:04:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see parents refusing to vaccinate\Ntheir otherwise healthy kids
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.70,0:04:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite the fact that\Nthat is evolutionary disadvantageous
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.38,0:05:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at both the individual\Nand societal levels.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.88,0:05:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see teenagers who've been bombarded\Nwith anti-smoking information
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.00,0:05:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their whole lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.44,0:05:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who know the risks\Nassociated with smoking,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.71,0:05:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,start anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.58,0:05:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we as a society are so confused\Nabout why people would do these things
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.86,0:05:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we use science and social science
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.47,0:05:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and TED Talks and crystal balls\Nand mathematics
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.76,0:05:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to figure out why.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.03,0:05:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why would people do these things?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.17,0:05:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And everybody does this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.88,0:05:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one is immune from these breaks\Nin what economists call "rationality."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.71,0:05:39.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all have things that can show us\Npredictably biased choices.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.51,0:05:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to give you an example.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.32,0:05:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's play a game.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.54,0:05:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to flip a coin -\Nit's a fair coin.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.24,0:05:48.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the first flip comes up heads,\Nyou get two dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.28,0:05:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I flip it again;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.29,0:05:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it comes up heads a second time,\Nyou get four dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.20,0:05:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A third time, eight dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.63,0:06:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fourth, 16, until the coin comes up tails.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.44,0:06:02.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I pay you your money.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.13,0:06:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if the coin comes up heads five times\Nin a row before the first tails,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.79,0:06:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get 32 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.36,0:06:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it come up 20 times in a row\Nbefore your first tails,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.44,0:06:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get over a million dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.61,0:06:15.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So think to yourself,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.80,0:06:19.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much would you be willing to pay\Nto play this game?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.75,0:06:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're like most people,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.12,0:06:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd be willing to pay\Nless than 25 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.62,0:06:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you played this game forever,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.89,0:06:31.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would be expected to make\Nan infinite amount of money,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.02,0:06:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no matter how much you paid per game.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.88,0:06:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This game has an infinite expected value,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.30,0:06:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet everybody has a point,\Na number usually really low,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.86,0:06:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they'd no longer\Nbe willing to pay to play.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.87,0:06:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's another one.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.46,0:06:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like getting your eyes\Nchecked at the eye doctor:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.00,0:06:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to present A or B, and you'll\Ntell me which one you think is better.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.68,0:06:54.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So A, I give you a million dollars,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.77,0:06:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.04,0:06:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cold million, you walk away,\Ngo home, it's wonderful.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.02,0:07:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or B,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.77,0:07:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can take a gamble.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.25,0:07:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's an 89% chance\Nof winning a million dollars,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.46,0:07:11.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a 1% chance of winning nothing -\Nyou walk home empty-handed -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.93,0:07:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a 10% chance\Nat winning five million dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.30,0:07:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which would you choose?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.50,0:07:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're like most people,\Nyou'd actually choose A -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.26,0:07:22.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no risk, no gamble,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.77,0:07:25.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you just walk away with the cold million.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.67,0:07:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the next one: choice C.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.81,0:07:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a 89% chance\Nof getting zero dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.32,0:07:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an 11% chance of getting a million,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.95,0:07:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or D, there's a 90% chance\Nof getting zero dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.31,0:07:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a 10% chance of getting five million.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.26,0:07:46.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This time, if you're like most people,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.10,0:07:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd pick D and hope\Nfor the five million.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.55,0:07:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we do some quick math,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.10,0:07:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actually find that\Nthe first two choices are equivalent.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.77,0:07:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that when it's framed one way,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.84,0:07:58.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you pick A,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.95,0:08:00.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when it's framed another way,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.89,0:08:02.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you pick D.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.77,0:08:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just based on how the information\Nis presented to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.30,0:08:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can get you to pick door number one\Nor door number two.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.82,0:08:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the weird thing is\Nthat making any other decision
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.63,0:08:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably feels really wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.87,0:08:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that intuition\Nand economic rationality
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.20,0:08:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't always agree.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.56,0:08:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these are just two economic examples\Nof biases in decision making.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.60,0:08:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that\Nthere's actually a lot of factors
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.00,0:08:31.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can predictably bias\Nwhat we choose.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.28,0:08:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first was an example
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.52,0:08:35.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of inappropriately weighting\Nsmall probabilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.26,0:08:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's less than a 3% chance
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.46,0:08:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you'll win at least $32\Nin the quarter-flipping game,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.78,0:08:45.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as a result, we have a hard time\Neven taking into account
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.69,0:08:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the chance of making a million.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.64,0:08:52.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This same bias is seen in people\Nwho fail to vaccinate their kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.31,0:08:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If your unvaccinated child\Nonly has a 5% chance of getting sick,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.02,0:08:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's really hard to take into account
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.93,0:09:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the possible consequences\Nof them not being vaccinated,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.76,0:09:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which could be as high\Nas the child's life.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.16,0:09:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second example is of a framing effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.91,0:09:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This affects everything\Nfrom what cereal we buy at the store
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.18,0:09:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to how we report judgments\Nof our own emotions.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.42,0:09:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, you're much more likely\Nto report being happy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.21,0:09:19.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I ask, "Are you happy?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.81,0:09:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than if I ask, "Are you unhappy?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.17,0:09:26.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other biases include\Naversion to uncertainty
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.13,0:09:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and making choices that try to avoid it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.40,0:09:30.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can miss out on\Nsome really great opportunities
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.73,0:09:33.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by trying to avoid unknown unknowns.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.41,0:09:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're also biased by the number\Nof options that are presented to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.17,0:09:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Having a wide range of options,\Nit turns out, isn't always better.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.46,0:09:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can make deciding harder
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.44,0:09:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually affect both our levels\Nof happiness and anxiety.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.06,0:09:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do these biases\Naffect big decisions
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.16,0:09:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like what to be when you grow up?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.81,0:09:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to do\Nsome quick audience participation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.24,0:09:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Raise your hand if you've ever been told
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.66,0:10:01.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can be anything\Nyou want to be when you grow up.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.18,0:10:05.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah? You can put your hands down.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.04,0:10:09.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Being told that you can be anything \Nyou want feels pretty good.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.79,0:10:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It feels like you can live your life
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.51,0:10:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,according to your own rules,\Nyour owns wants, your own goals.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.58,0:10:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like you can become\Nthe person you want to be:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.99,0:10:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proud, successful, happy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.27,0:10:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It give you a feeling\Nof agency over your life,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.49,0:10:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a feeling of freedom.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.76,0:10:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life is an open field,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.50,0:10:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can go anywhere you want to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.41,0:10:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But humans don't have infinite time.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.54,0:10:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While you may be able\Nto do anything you want,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.08,0:10:39.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you probably won't be able\Nto do everything you want.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.64,0:10:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Having to choose between so many options
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.14,0:10:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be anxiety inducing\Nand detrimental to our happiness.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.47,0:10:49.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We as humans hate eliminating options,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.55,0:10:52.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if we know that\Nthat's not a path we want to choose.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.22,0:10:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We feel like we're losing out on something
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.29,0:10:58.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply by giving up\Nthe possibility of something.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.86,0:11:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to raise you hand\Nif you're even been told
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.33,0:11:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anything similar to one of the statements\Nthat I'm about to say.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.40,0:11:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just put your hand up and leave it, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.42,0:11:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you put your mind to it,\Nyou could be really great at blank.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.84,0:11:16.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whatever that is for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.01,0:11:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you dedicate your life to it,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.16,0:11:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could help cure cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.92,0:11:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or do some other difficult\Nand yet very specific feat.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.59,0:11:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you really try,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.86,0:11:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could win a Nobel Prize\Nor an Olympic gold medal or an Oscar.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.14,0:11:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How about this one?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.20,0:11:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'd make a really great astronaut.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.68,0:11:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.39,0:11:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can put your hands down.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.30,0:11:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These statements are very different\Nfrom the first statement.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.70,0:11:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, both are meant\Nto motivate and inspire.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.73,0:11:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first instills a sense\Nof freedom and agency.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.00,0:11:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second implies a responsibility\Nto the path that's been laid out.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.91,0:11:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If this person is right,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.52,0:12:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I could help cure cancer\Nif I just devote my entire life to it,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.08,0:12:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then is it bad if I want to become\Na professional cellist?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.23,0:12:07.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I truly could win a Nobel Prize,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.96,0:12:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,am I depriving the world\Nby focusing on painting?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.81,0:12:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I can be the next Meryl Streep,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.74,0:12:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is it wrong that I want to code\Nfor a tech startup?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.08,0:12:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we're told that we can be\Nanything we want to be,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.27,0:12:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we make our own decisions,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.77,0:12:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bearing the stress and the anxiety\Nthat come with that.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.27,0:12:29.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When someone else sets our path,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.36,0:12:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't have to worry\Nabout closing doors,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.19,0:12:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we lose a sense of autonomy.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.42,0:12:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And taking any other path\Nthan the one laid out for us
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.86,0:12:41.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feels like we're letting someone down\Nor doing something wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.30,0:12:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The pressure that comes with being told\Nthat you could be great at something,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.94,0:12:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you have the potential\Nto win a Nobel Prize
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.24,0:12:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or save the polar bears\Nor be an astronaut,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.38,0:12:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can actually prevent you
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.74,0:12:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from doing something\Nthat you really want to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.69,0:13:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost every smart, talented\Nor hardworking person I know
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.98,0:13:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has felt this pressure\Nat some point in their lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.21,0:13:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even if they don't know exactly\Nwhat they want to be when they grow up,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.57,0:13:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being told that they could be great\Nat a specific thing
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.38,0:13:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes them feel responsible\Nfor achieving that goal.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.07,0:13:16.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a responsibility\Nthat is placed on them,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.69,0:13:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often accidentally,\Nby parents or teachers or friends,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.57,0:13:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if it's internalized,\Nit can be destructive,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.63,0:13:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fueling anger or resentment.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.10,0:13:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The possible anxiety\Nof having too many choices
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.99,0:13:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't seem so bad when it comes\Nwith the freedom to set your own path.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.68,0:13:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't have the answers
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.87,0:13:40.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on how to decide\Nwhat to do with your life,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.89,0:13:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what doors to close\Nor what opportunities to pursue.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.90,0:13:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it can help to recognize\Nthat you have choices,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.98,0:13:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no one sets your path but you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.87,0:13:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in case the anxiety\Ndoes start to get paralyzing,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.10,0:13:55.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to leave you with this:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.20,0:13:58.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No matter what you choose\Nto do with your life -
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.05,0:14:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can do anything,\Nincluding nothing at all -
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.21,0:14:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are still important,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.73,0:14:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are still worthy of love,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.30,0:14:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there will still be\Npeople who love you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.42,0:14:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Being smart or talented is a privilege.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.10,0:14:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It allows you to do something,\Npossibly multiple things,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.71,0:14:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better, faster or easier\Nthan the average person.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.14,0:14:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But being smart or talented\Nis not a responsibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.87,0:14:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not your job to save anyone;
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.34,0:14:31.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not your duty to fix anything;
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.69,0:14:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not your responsibility to create.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.46,0:14:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You, just like everybody else\Nin this world, have only one job:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.08,0:14:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,love.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.06,0:14:44.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Love yourself,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.65,0:14:47.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do your very, very best to love others,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.05,0:14:51.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whatever it is\Nyou decide to do with your life,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.25,0:14:53.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do it for love.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.88,0:14:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you follow that, you can't go wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.36,0:14:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.44,0:14:59.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)