[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.25,0:00:03.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You are a trauma surgeon,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.94,0:00:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working in the midnight shift\Nin an inner city emergency room.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.11,0:00:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A young man is wheeled in before you,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.23,0:00:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lying unconscious on a gurney.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.44,0:00:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's been shot in the leg\Nand is bleeding profusely.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.92,0:00:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Judging from the entry and exit wounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.85,0:00:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as the amount of hemorrhaging,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.68,0:00:22.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bullet most likely\Nclipped the femoral artery,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.08,0:00:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the largest\Nblood vessels in the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.70,0:00:27.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the young man's doctor,\Nwhat should you do?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.02,0:00:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or more precisely,\Nwhat should you do first?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.17,0:00:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You look at the young man's clothes,\Nwhich seem old and worn.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.64,0:00:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He may be jobless, homeless,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.45,0:00:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lacking a decent education.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.02,0:00:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you start treatment\Nby finding him a job,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.68,0:00:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting him an apartment
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.97,0:00:45.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or helping him earn his GED?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.86,0:00:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the other hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.06,0:00:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this young man has been involved\Nin some sort of conflict
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.80,0:00:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and may be dangerous.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.07,0:00:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before he wakes up,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.72,0:00:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you place him in restraints,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.40,0:00:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alert hospital security or call 911?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.87,0:01:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of us wouldn't do\Nany of these things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.68,0:01:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And instead, we would take\Nthe only sensible
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.43,0:01:08.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and humane course of action\Navailable at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.75,0:01:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, we would stop the bleeding.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.28,0:01:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because unless we stop the bleeding,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.40,0:01:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nothing else matters.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.96,0:01:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's true in the emergency room\Nis true for cities all around the country.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.95,0:01:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it comes to urban violence,\Nthe first priority is to save lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.19,0:01:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Treating that violence\Nwith the same urgency
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.57,0:01:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we would treat\Na gunshot wound in the ER.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.14,0:01:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are we talking about\Nwhen we say "urban violence"?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.22,0:01:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Urban violence is the lethal\Nor potentially lethal violence
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.28,0:01:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that happens on the streets of our cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.63,0:01:43.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It goes by many names:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.12,0:01:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,street violence, youth violence,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.22,0:01:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gang violence, gun violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.02,0:01:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Urban violence happens
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.82,0:01:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among the most disadvantaged\Nand disenfranchised among us.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.77,0:01:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mostly young men,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.39,0:01:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without a lot of options or much hope.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.33,0:02:02.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have spent hundreds of hours\Nwith these young men.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.39,0:02:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've taught them at a high school\Nin Washington DC,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.00,0:02:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where one of my students was murdered.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.10,0:02:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've stood across form them\Nin courtrooms in New York City,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.92,0:02:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I worked as a prosecutor.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.09,0:02:13.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.29,0:02:17.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've gone from city to city\Nas a policymaker and as a researcher,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.13,0:02:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meeting with these young men
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.64,0:02:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and exchanging ideas\Non how to make our communities safer.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.92,0:02:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why should we care about these young men?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.94,0:02:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why does urban violence matter?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.79,0:02:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Urban violence matters,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.19,0:02:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it causes more deaths\Nhere in the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.26,0:02:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than any other form of violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.60,0:02:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Urban violence also matters
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.92,0:02:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we can actually do\Nsomething about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.87,0:02:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Controlling it is not the impossible,\Nintractable challenge
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.89,0:02:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that many believe it to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.08,0:02:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, there are a number\Nof solutions available today
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.62,0:02:53.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are proven to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.88,0:02:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what these solutions have in common\Nis one key ingredient.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.51,0:03:02.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They all recognize\Nthat urban violence is sticky,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.49,0:03:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning that it clusters together
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.48,0:03:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among a surprisingly small number\Nof people and places.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.97,0:03:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In New Orleans, for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.66,0:03:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a network of fewer than 700 individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.22,0:03:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accounts for the majority\Nof the city's lethal violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.64,0:03:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some call these individuals "hot people."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.81,0:03:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here in Boston,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.01,0:03:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,70 percent of shootings
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.38,0:03:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are concentrated on blocks and corners\Ncovering just five percent of the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.69,0:03:30.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These locations\Nare often known as "hot spots."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.29,0:03:32.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In city after city,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.86,0:03:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a small number of hot people and hot spots
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.86,0:03:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,account for the clear majority\Nof lethal violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.17,0:03:42.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, this finding\Nhas been replicated so many times
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.50,0:03:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that researchers now call this phenomenon\Nthe law of crime concentration.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.36,0:03:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we look at the science,\Nwe see that sticky solutions work best.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.54,0:03:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To put it bluntly,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.47,0:03:57.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can't stop shootings\Nif you won't deal with shooters.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.58,0:04:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can't stop killings\Nif you won't go where people get killed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.52,0:04:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Four years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.72,0:04:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my colleagues and I performed\Na systematic meta-review
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.38,0:04:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of antiviolence strategies,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.25,0:04:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,summarizing the results of over 1,400\Nindividual impact evaluations.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.72,0:04:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we found, again and again,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.02,0:04:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that the strategies\Nthat were the most focused,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.66,0:04:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most targeted,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.02,0:04:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the stickiest strategies,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.02,0:04:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were the most successful.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.93,0:04:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We saw this in criminology,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.30,0:04:30.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in studies of policing,\Ngang prevention and reentry.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.18,0:04:33.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we also saw this in public health,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.77,0:04:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where targeted tertiary\Nand secondary prevention
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.89,0:04:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,performed better than more generalized\Nprimary prevention.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.15,0:04:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When policymakers focus\Non the most dangerous people and places,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.82,0:04:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they get better results.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.05,0:04:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about replacement\Nand displacement, you might ask.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.47,0:04:54.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Research shows that when\Ndrug dealers are locked up,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.02,0:04:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new dealers step right in,\Nreplacing those that came before.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.16,0:05:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some worry that when police focus\Non certain locations,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.56,0:05:04.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crime will be displaced,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.25,0:05:06.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moving down the street\Nor around the corner.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.50,0:05:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, we know now\Nthat because of the stickiness phenomenon,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.75,0:05:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the replacement and displacement effects\Nassociated with these sticky strategies
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.16,0:05:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are minimal.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.87,0:05:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes a lifetime of trauma\Nto create a shooter
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.22,0:05:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and decades of disinvestment\Nto create a hot spot.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.78,0:05:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these people and places\Ndon't move around easily.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.58,0:05:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about root causes?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.52,0:05:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Isn't addressing poverty or inequality\Nor lack of opportunity
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.25,0:05:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the best way to prevent violence?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.77,0:05:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, according to the science,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.35,0:05:42.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yes and no.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.67,0:05:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, in that high rates of violence\Nare clearly associated
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.48,0:05:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with various forms of social\Nand economic disadvantage.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.68,0:05:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But no, in that changes in these factors
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.91,0:05:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do not necessarily result\Nin changes in violence,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.81,0:05:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially not in the short run.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.19,0:05:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take poverty, for instance.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.14,0:06:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meaningful progress on poverty\Nwill take decades to achieve,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.82,0:06:06.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while poor people need and deserve\Nrelief from violence right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.34,0:06:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Root causes also can't explain\Nthe stickiness phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.97,0:06:13.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If poverty always drove violence,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.05,0:06:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we would expect to see violence\Namong all poor people.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.53,0:06:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we don't see that.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.47,0:06:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, we can empirically observe\Nthat poverty concentrates,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.58,0:06:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crime concentrates further still
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.85,0:06:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and violence concentrates most of all.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.08,0:06:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is why sticky solutions work.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.95,0:06:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They work, because they deal\Nwith first things first.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.81,0:06:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is important,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.03,0:06:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because while poverty\Nmay lead to violence,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.41,0:06:43.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,strong evidence shows that violence\Nactually perpetuates poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.58,0:06:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's just one example of how.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.26,0:06:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As documented by Patrick Sharkey,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.61,0:06:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a sociologist --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.48,0:06:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he showed that when poor children\Nare exposed to violence,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.64,0:06:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it traumatizes them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.92,0:06:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It impacts their ability to sleep,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.67,0:07:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pay attention, to behave and to learn.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.39,0:07:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if poor children can't learn,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.35,0:07:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then they can't do well in school.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.24,0:07:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that ultimately impacts their ability\Nto earn a paycheck later in life
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.03,0:07:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is large enough to escape poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.37,0:07:16.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And unfortunately,\Nin a series of landmark studies
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.08,0:07:18.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by economist Raj Chetty,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.24,0:07:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is exactly what we've seen.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.84,0:07:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poor children exposed to violence\Nhave lower income mobility
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.90,0:07:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than poor children who grow up peacefully.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.55,0:07:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Violence literally traps\Npoor kids in poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.27,0:07:36.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is why it is so important\Nto focus relentlessly on urban violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.57,0:07:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here are two examples of how.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.09,0:07:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here in Boston, in the 1990s,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.87,0:07:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a partnership between cops\Nand community members
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.35,0:07:48.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,achieved a stunning 63 percent\Nreduction in youth homicide.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.43,0:07:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Oakland, that same strategy
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.84,0:07:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recently reduced nonfatal\Ngun assaults by 55 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.92,0:07:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Cincinnati, Indianapolis\Nand New Haven,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.60,0:08:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it cut gun violence by more than a third.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.50,0:08:03.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At its simplest,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.42,0:08:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this strategy simply identifies\Nthose who are most likely to shoot
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.95,0:08:09.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or be shot,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.43,0:08:11.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then confronts them\Nwith a double message
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.72,0:08:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of empathy and accountability.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.43,0:08:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We know it's you\Nthat's doing the shooting.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.22,0:08:18.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It must stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.03,0:08:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you let us, we will help you.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.57,0:08:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you make us, we will stop you."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.55,0:08:27.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those willing to change\Nare offered services and support.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.75,0:08:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those who persist\Nin their violent behavior
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.77,0:08:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are brought to justice\Nvia targeted law enforcement action.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.86,0:08:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Chicago, another program\Nuses cognitive behavioral therapy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.61,0:08:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help teenage boys
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.35,0:08:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,manage difficult thoughts and emotions,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.64,0:08:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by teaching them how to avoid\Nor mitigate conflicts.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.24,0:08:50.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This program reduced violent\Ncrime arrests among participants
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.47,0:08:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by half.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.92,0:08:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similar strategies have reduced\Ncriminal reoffending
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.53,0:08:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by 25 to 50 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.24,0:08:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now Chicago has launched a new effort,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.31,0:09:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using these same techniques,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.77,0:09:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but with those at the highest risk\Nfor gun violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.46,0:09:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the program is showing\Npromising results.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.17,0:09:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's more,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.90,0:09:11.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because these strategies\Nare so focused, so targeted,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.87,0:09:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they tend not to cost much\Nin absolute terms.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.56,0:09:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they work with the laws\Nalready on the books today.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.55,0:09:20.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's the good news.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.95,0:09:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can have peace in our cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.18,0:09:24.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.55,0:09:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without big budgets
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.38,0:09:28.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and without new laws.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.41,0:09:32.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why hasn't this happened yet?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.93,0:09:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why are these solutions still limited\Nto a small number of cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.48,0:09:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why do they struggle,\Neven when successful,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.68,0:09:41.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to maintain support?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.13,0:09:43.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that's the bad news.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.86,0:09:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The truth is, we have not been very good\Nat organizing our efforts
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.42,0:09:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around this phenomenon of stickiness.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.25,0:09:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are at least three reasons\Nwhy we don't follow the evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.37,0:09:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to urban violence reduction.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.42,0:09:57.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the first, as you might expect,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.58,0:09:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is politics.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.80,0:10:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most sticky solutions don't conform\Nto one political platform or another.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.40,0:10:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, they offer\Nboth carrots and sticks,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.06,0:10:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,balancing the promise of treatment\Nwith the threat of arrest,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.98,0:10:13.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,combining place-based investment\Nwith hot-spots policing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.49,0:10:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.11,0:10:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these solutions are both soft and tough
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.28,0:10:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the same time.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.51,0:10:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because they don't line up neatly
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.14,0:10:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the typical talking points\Nof either the Left or the Right,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.21,0:10:31.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,politicians won't gravitate to these ideas\Nwithout some education,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.52,0:10:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe even a little pressure.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.95,0:10:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It won't be easy,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.15,0:10:37.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we can change the politics\Naround these issues
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.70,0:10:42.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by reframing violence\Nas a problem to be solved,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.14,0:10:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not an argument to be won.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.90,0:10:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should emphasize evidence\Nover ideology
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.48,0:10:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what works versus what sounds good.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.99,0:10:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second reason why we don't\Nalways follow the evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.72,0:10:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the somewhat complicated nature\Nof these solutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.12,0:10:58.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is an irony here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.03,0:11:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are the simplest ways\Nto reduce violence?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.71,0:11:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More cops.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.27,0:11:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More jobs.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.61,0:11:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fewer guns.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.50,0:11:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are easy to spell out,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.88,0:11:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they tend not to work\Nas well in practice.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.53,0:11:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While on the other hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.77,0:11:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,research-based solutions\Nare harder to explain,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.05,0:11:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but get better results.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.50,0:11:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now, we have a lot of professors
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.79,0:11:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,writing about violence\Nin academic journals.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.18,0:11:27.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have a lot of people\Nkeeping us safe out on the street.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.68,0:11:28.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what we don't have
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.86,0:11:31.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a lot of communication\Nbetween these two groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.32,0:11:34.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't have a strong bridge\Nbetween research and practice.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.69,0:11:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when research\Nactually does inform practice,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.15,0:11:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that bridge is not built by accident.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.07,0:11:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It happens when someone takes the time
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.85,0:11:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to carefully explain\Nwhat the research means,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.20,0:11:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why it's important
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.40,0:11:49.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how it can actually\Nmake a difference in the field.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.97,0:11:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We spend plenty of time creating research,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.24,0:11:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not enough breaking it down\Ninto bite-sized bits
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.78,0:11:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a busy cop or social worker\Ncan easily digest.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.75,0:12:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may be difficult\Nto acknowledge or accept,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.11,0:12:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but race is the third and final reason
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.90,0:12:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why more has not been done\Nto reduce violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.80,0:12:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Urban violence concentrates\Namong poor communities of color.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.15,0:12:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That makes it easy for those of us\Nwho don't live in those communities
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.83,0:12:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ignore the problem\Nor pretend it's not ours to solve.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.74,0:12:26.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is wrong, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.75,0:12:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Urban violence is everyone's problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.58,0:12:31.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Directly or indirectly,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.32,0:12:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we all pay a price\Nfor the shootings and killings
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.84,0:12:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that happen on the streets of our cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.42,0:12:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is why we need to find new ways\Nto motivate more people
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.70,0:12:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to cross class and color lines\Nto join this struggle.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.82,0:12:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because these strategies\Nare not resource-intensive,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.88,0:12:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't need to motivate\Nmany new allies --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.52,0:12:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we just need a few.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.17,0:12:53.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we just need them to be loud.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.75,0:12:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we can overcome these challenges
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.92,0:13:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and spread these sticky solutions\Nto the neighborhoods that need them,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.39,0:13:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could save thousands of lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.75,0:13:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the strategies\NI've discussed here today
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.80,0:13:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were implemented right now\Nin the nation's 40 most violent cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.74,0:13:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could save over 12,000 souls
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.49,0:13:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the next eight years.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.51,0:13:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much would it cost?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.14,0:13:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About 100 million per year.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.58,0:13:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That might sound like a lot,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.57,0:13:26.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in fact, that figure represents\Nless than one percent
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.43,0:13:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of one percent\Nof the annual federal budget.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.46,0:13:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Defense Department\Nspends about that much
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.79,0:13:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a single F-35 fighter jet.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.36,0:13:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Metaphorically, the treatment is the same,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.36,0:13:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it's a young man\Nsuffering from a gunshot wound,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.24,0:13:43.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a community riddled with such wounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.71,0:13:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a nation filled with such communities.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.36,0:13:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In each case, the treatment,\Nfirst and foremost,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.71,0:13:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to stop the bleeding.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.58,0:13:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know this can work.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.22,0:14:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know it, because I've seen it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.16,0:14:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've seen shooters put down their guns
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.56,0:14:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and devote their lives\Nto getting others to do the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.25,0:14:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've walked through housing projects\Nthat were notorious for gunfire
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.74,0:14:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and witnessed children playing outside.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.97,0:14:15.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've sat with cops and community members
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.17,0:14:18.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who used to hate one another,\Nbut now work together.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.54,0:14:21.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've seen people\Nfrom all walks of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.43,0:14:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people like you,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.15,0:14:25.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finally decide to get involved\Nin this struggle.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.00,0:14:27.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why I know that together,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.02,0:14:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can and we will\Nend this senseless slaughter.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.06,0:14:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.29,0:14:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)