[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I always wanted to become\Na walking laboratory of social engagement:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.31,0:00:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to resonate other people's feelings,\Nthoughts, intentions, motivations,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.71,0:00:13.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the act of being with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.100,0:00:19.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a scientist, I always wanted\Nto measure that resonance,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.78,0:00:23.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sense of the other\Nthat happens so quickly,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.42,0:00:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the blink of an eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.68,0:00:28.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We intuit other people's feelings;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.03,0:00:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we know the meaning of their actions\Neven before they happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.96,0:00:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're always in this stance
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.73,0:00:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of being the object\Nof somebody else's subjectivity.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.84,0:00:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do that all the time.\NWe just can't shake it off.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.02,0:00:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's so important that the very tools\Nwe use to understand ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.75,0:00:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand the world around us,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.60,0:00:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are shaped by that stance.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.23,0:00:50.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are social to the core.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.57,0:00:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my journey in autism really started
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.05,0:00:57.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I lived in a residential unit\Nfor adults with autism.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.07,0:01:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of those individuals\Nhad spent most of their lives
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.18,0:01:02.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in long-stay hospitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.69,0:01:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a long time ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.02,0:01:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for them, autism was devastating.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.40,0:01:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had profound\Nintellectual disabilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.56,0:01:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.31,0:01:15.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But most of all,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.22,0:01:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were extraordinarily isolated\Nfrom the world around them,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.17,0:01:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from their environment
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.03,0:01:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from the people.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.39,0:01:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, at the time,\Nif you walked into a school
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.24,0:01:30.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for individuals with autism,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.06,0:01:32.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd hear a lot of noise,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.39,0:01:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plenty of commotion, actions,\Npeople doing things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.73,0:01:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they're always doing\Nthings by themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.40,0:01:44.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they may be looking\Nat a light in the ceiling,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.53,0:01:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they may be isolated in the corner,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.94,0:01:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they might be engaged\Nin these repetitive movements,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.50,0:01:55.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in self-stimulatory movements\Nthat led them nowhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.56,0:01:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Extremely, extremely isolated.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.62,0:02:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, now we know that autism\Nis this disruption,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.23,0:02:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the disruption of this resonance\Nthat I am telling you about.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.77,0:02:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are survival skills.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.73,0:02:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are survival skills\Nthat we inherited
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.64,0:02:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over many, many hundreds\Nof thousands of years of evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.84,0:02:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, babies are born\Nin a state of utter fragility.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.03,0:02:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without the caregiver,\Nthey wouldn't survive,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.18,0:02:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it stands to reason\Nthat nature would endow them
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.72,0:02:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with these mechanisms of survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.17,0:02:34.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They orient to the caregiver.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.52,0:02:37.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the first days and weeks of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.94,0:02:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,babies prefer to hear human sounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.70,0:02:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than just sounds\Nin the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.85,0:02:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They prefer to look at people\Nrather than at things,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.35,0:02:48.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even as they're looking at people,\Nthey look at people's eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.75,0:02:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the eye is the window\Nto the other person's experiences,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.98,0:02:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so much so that they even prefer\Nto look at people
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.46,0:02:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are looking at them\Nrather than people who are looking away.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.52,0:03:03.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, they orient to the caregiver.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.13,0:03:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The caregiver seeks the baby.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.27,0:03:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's out of this mutually\Nreinforcing choreography
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.08,0:03:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a lot that is of importance\Nto the emergence of mind --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.90,0:03:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the social mind, the social\Nbrain -- depends on.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.59,0:03:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We always think about autism
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.68,0:03:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as something that happens\Nlater on in life.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.35,0:03:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't; it begins\Nwith the beginning of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.90,0:03:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As babies engage with caregivers,\Nthey soon realize that, well,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.52,0:03:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is something between the ears\Nthat is very important --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.67,0:03:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's invisible, you can't see it,\Nbut it's really critical.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.85,0:03:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that thing is called attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.80,0:03:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they learn soon enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.16,0:03:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even before they can utter one word,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.77,0:03:53.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they can take that attention\Nand move somewhere
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.27,0:03:56.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to get things they want.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.56,0:04:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also learn to follow\Nother people's gazes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.68,0:04:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because whatever people are looking at\Nis what they are thinking about.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.70,0:04:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And soon enough, they start to learn\Nabout the meaning of things,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.37,0:04:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because when somebody\Nis looking at something
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.77,0:04:14.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or somebody is pointing at something,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.01,0:04:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not just getting\Na directional cue.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.75,0:04:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are getting the other\Nperson's meaning of that thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.46,0:04:22.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the attitude.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.69,0:04:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And soon enough, they start\Nbuilding this body of meanings,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.49,0:04:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but meanings that were acquired\Nwithin the realm of social interaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.11,0:04:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are meanings that are acquired
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.05,0:04:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as part of their shared\Nexperiences with others.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.09,0:04:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this is a 15-month-old little girl,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.51,0:04:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she has autism.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.59,0:04:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I am coming so close to her\Nthat I am maybe two inches from her face,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.41,0:04:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she's quite oblivious to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.26,0:04:59.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine if I did that to you,\Ncame two inches from your face.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.72,0:05:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'd do probably\Ntwo things, wouldn't you?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.95,0:05:04.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would recoil.\NYou would call the police.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.57,0:05:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.77,0:05:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would do something,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.94,0:05:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's literally impossible\Nto penetrate somebody's physical space
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.02,0:05:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not get that reaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.45,0:05:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do so, remember,\Nintuitively, effortlessly.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.93,0:05:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is our body wisdom;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.12,0:05:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not something mediated\Nby our language.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.34,0:05:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our body just knows that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.27,0:05:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've known that for a long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.66,0:05:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is not something\Nthat happens to humans only.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.60,0:05:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It happens to some\Nof our phyletic cousins,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.82,0:05:34.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if you're a monkey,\Nand you look at another monkey,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.91,0:05:38.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that monkey has a higher\Nhierarchy position than you,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.93,0:05:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is considered\Nto be a signal or threat,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.48,0:05:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, you are not going\Nto be alive for long.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.36,0:05:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So something that in other species\Nare survival mechanisms,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.22,0:05:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without which they\Nwouldn't basically live,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.35,0:05:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we bring into the context of human beings,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.91,0:05:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is what we need\Nto simply act, socially.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.18,0:06:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, she is oblivious to me\Nand I'm so close to her,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.97,0:06:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you think, maybe she can see you,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.97,0:06:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe she can hear you.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.51,0:06:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, a few minutes later,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.15,0:06:10.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she goes to the corner of the room,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.12,0:06:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she finds a tiny little piece\Nof candy, an M&M.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.86,0:06:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I could not attract her attention,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.40,0:06:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but something -- a thing -- did.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.93,0:06:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, most of us make a big dichotomy
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.47,0:06:27.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the world of things\Nand the world of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.88,0:06:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, for this girl,\Nthat division line is not so clear,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.40,0:06:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the world of people\Nis not attracting her
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.53,0:06:37.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as much as we would like.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.01,0:06:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, remember that we learn a great deal\Nby sharing experiences.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.44,0:06:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What she is doing right now\Nis that her path of learning is diverging,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.33,0:06:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moment by moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.10,0:06:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as she is isolating herself\Nfurther and further.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.91,0:06:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we feel sometimes\Nthat the brain is deterministic,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.88,0:06:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brain determines\Nwho we're going to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.43,0:07:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, in fact, the brain\Nalso becomes who we are,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.24,0:07:06.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the same time\Nthat her behaviors are taking away
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.25,0:07:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the realm of social interaction,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.44,0:07:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is what's happening with her mind,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.49,0:07:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is what's happening\Nwith her brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.14,0:07:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, autism is the most strongly\Ngenetic condition
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.37,0:07:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all developmental disorders.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.46,0:07:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a brain disorder.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.70,0:07:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a disorder that begins\Nmuch prior to the time
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.95,0:07:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the child is born.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.22,0:07:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now know that there is a very\Nbroad spectrum of autism.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.22,0:07:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are those individuals\Nwho are profoundly intellectually disabled
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.72,0:07:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are those that are gifted.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.70,0:07:44.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are those individuals\Nwho don't talk at all;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.11,0:07:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are those individuals\Nwho talk too much.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.53,0:07:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are those individuals\Nthat if you observe them in their school,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.05,0:07:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see them running the periphery fence\Nall the school day if you let them,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.74,0:07:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to those individuals\Nwho cannot stop coming to you
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.13,0:07:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trying to engage you\Nrepeatedly, relentlessly,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.09,0:08:01.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but often in an awkward fashion,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.23,0:08:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without that immediate resonance.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.81,0:08:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this is much more prevalent\Nthan we thought at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.58,0:08:10.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I started in this field,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.02,0:08:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we thought there were four individuals\Nwith autism per 10,000 --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.13,0:08:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very rare condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.86,0:08:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, now we know it's more\Nlike one in 100.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.96,0:08:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are millions of individuals\Nwith autism all around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.22,0:08:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The societal cost\Nof this condition is huge,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.58,0:08:31.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the US alone,\Nmaybe 35 to 80 billion dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.56,0:08:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you know what?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.77,0:08:37.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of those funds are associated\Nwith adolescents and particularly adults
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.43,0:08:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are severely disabled,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.20,0:08:41.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individuals who need\Nwraparound services --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.39,0:08:43.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,services that are very, very intensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.67,0:08:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those services can cost in excess\Nof 60,000 to 80,000 dollars a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.54,0:08:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are individuals who did not\Nbenefit from early treatment,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.47,0:08:56.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because now we know\Nthat autism creates itself
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.64,0:09:00.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as individuals diverge in that pathway\Nof learning that I mentioned to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.20,0:09:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Were we to be able\Nto identify this condition
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.80,0:09:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at an earlier point,\Nand intervene and treat --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.81,0:09:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can tell you, this has been probably\Nsomething that has changed my life
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.89,0:09:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the past 10 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.21,0:09:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this notion that we can absolutely\Nattenuate this condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.92,0:09:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, we have a window of opportunity,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.30,0:09:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the brain\Nis malleable for just so long,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.44,0:09:27.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that window of opportunity\Nhappens in the first three years of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.97,0:09:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not that that window\Ncloses; it doesn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.62,0:09:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it diminishes considerably.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.90,0:09:37.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, the median age\Nof diagnosis in this country
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.02,0:09:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is still about five years,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.96,0:09:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in disadvantaged populations,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.08,0:09:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the populations that don't have\Naccess to clinical services,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.23,0:09:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rural populations, minorities,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.34,0:09:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the age of diagnosis is later still,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.07,0:09:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is almost as if I were to tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.12,0:09:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we are condemning those communities\Nto have individuals with autism
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.91,0:09:59.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose condition is going\Nto be more severe.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.16,0:10:02.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I feel that we have\Na bioethical imperative.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.17,0:10:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The science is there.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.02,0:10:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But no science is of relevance
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.17,0:10:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it doesn't have an impact\Non the community.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.73,0:10:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we just can't afford\Nthat missed opportunity,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.70,0:10:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because children with autism\Nbecome adults with autism.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.41,0:10:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we feel that those things we can do
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.44,0:10:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for these children,\Nfor those families, early on,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.84,0:10:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will have lifetime consequences --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.04,0:10:31.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the child, for the family,\Nand for the community at large.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.08,0:10:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is our view of autism.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.14,0:10:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are over a hundred genes\Nthat are associated with autism.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.49,0:10:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, we believe there are going to be
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.47,0:10:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something between 300 and 600\Ngenes associated with autism,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.30,0:10:46.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and genetic anomalies,\Nmuch more than just genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.46,0:10:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we actually have\Na bit of a question here,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.64,0:10:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if there are so many\Ndifferent causes of autism,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.95,0:10:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do you go from those liabilities\Nto the actual syndrome?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.24,0:11:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because people like myself,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.53,0:11:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we walk into a playroom,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.79,0:11:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we recognize a child as having autism.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.84,0:11:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do you go from multiple causes
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.09,0:11:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a syndrome that has some homogeneity?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.49,0:11:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer is what lies in between,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.75,0:11:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is development.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.66,0:11:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, we are very interested\Nin those first two years of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.46,0:11:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because those liabilities\Ndon't necessarily convert into autism.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.27,0:11:28.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Autism creates itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.81,0:11:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Were we to be able to intervene\Nduring those years of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.57,0:11:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we might attenuate for some, and God\Nknows, maybe even prevent for others.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.98,0:11:41.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we do that?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.84,0:11:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we enter that feeling of resonance,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.75,0:11:47.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do we enter another person's being?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.14,0:11:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember when I interacted\Nwith that 15-month-old,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.28,0:11:54.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the thing that came to my mind was,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.44,0:11:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How do you come into her world?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.41,0:12:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is she thinking about me?\NIs she thinking about others?"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.91,0:12:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it's hard to do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.78,0:12:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we had to create the technologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.99,0:12:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had to basically step inside a body.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.48,0:12:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had to see the world through her eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.19,0:12:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so in the past many years,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.53,0:12:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've been building these new technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.95,0:12:19.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are based on eye tracking.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.55,0:12:24.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can see, moment by moment,\Nwhat children are engaging with.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.05,0:12:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is my colleague, Warren Jones,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.83,0:12:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with whom we've been building\Nthese methods, these studies,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.15,0:12:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the past 12 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.88,0:12:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you see there a happy five-month-old,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.79,0:12:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a five-month little boy\Nwho is going to watch things
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.88,0:12:43.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are brought from his world:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.60,0:12:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his mom, the caregiver,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.85,0:12:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also experiences that he would have\Nwere he to be in his daycare.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.88,0:12:55.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we want is to embrace that world\Nand bring it into our laboratory,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.75,0:12:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in order for us to do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.81,0:13:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had to create\Nthese very sophisticated measures,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.08,0:13:05.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,measures of how people, how little babies,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.59,0:13:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how newborns, engage\Nwith the world, moment by moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.13,0:13:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is important and what is not.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.16,0:13:15.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we created those measures,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.80,0:13:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here, what you see\Nis what we call a funnel of attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.83,0:13:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're watching a video --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.74,0:13:24.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those frames are separated\Nby about a second --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.49,0:13:28.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the eyes of 35 typically\Ndeveloping two-year-olds.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.84,0:13:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we freeze one frame,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.91,0:13:34.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is what the typical\Nchildren are doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.02,0:13:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this scan pass, in green here,\Nare two-year-olds with autism.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.46,0:13:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So on that frame, the children\Nwho are typical are watching this,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.04,0:13:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the emotion of expression\Nof that little boy
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.59,0:13:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as he's fighting a little bit\Nwith the little girl.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.34,0:13:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are the children with autism doing?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.40,0:13:56.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are focusing on the revolving door,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.30,0:13:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,opening and shutting.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.54,0:14:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I can tell you that this divergence\Nthat you're seeing here
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.92,0:14:05.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't happen only\Nin our five-minute experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.75,0:14:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It happens moment by moment\Nin their real lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.82,0:14:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their minds are being formed\Nand their brains are being specialized
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.08,0:14:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in something other than what is happening\Nwith their typical peers.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.81,0:14:25.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we took a construct\Nfrom our pediatrician friends,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.35,0:14:26.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the concept of growth charts --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.89,0:14:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, when you take\Na child to the pediatrician,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.39,0:14:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you have physical height and weight.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.07,0:14:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we decided we were going\Nto create growth charts
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.02,0:14:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of social engagement.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.35,0:14:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We sought children\Nfrom the time they're born.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.57,0:14:44.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see here on the x-axis
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.97,0:14:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is two, three, four, five,\Nsix months and nine,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.18,0:14:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until about the age of 24 months.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.97,0:14:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the percent of their viewing time
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.76,0:14:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they're focusing on people's eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.70,0:14:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is their growth chart.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.14,0:15:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They start over here --\Nthey love people's eyes --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.64,0:15:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it remains quite stable.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.35,0:15:06.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sort of goes up a little bit\Nin those initial months.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.32,0:15:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, let's see what's happening\Nwith babies who became autistic.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.77,0:15:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's something very different.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.00,0:15:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It starts way up here,\Nbut then it's a free fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.80,0:15:21.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very much like they brought\Ninto this world the reflex
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.69,0:15:24.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that orients them to people,\Nbut it has no traction.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.51,0:15:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's almost as if that stimulus -- you --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.54,0:15:31.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're not exerting\Ninfluence on what happens
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.55,0:15:33.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they navigate their daily lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.24,0:15:41.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we thought those data\Nwere so powerful, in a way,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.69,0:15:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we wanted to see what happened\Nin the first six months of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.96,0:15:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if you interact\Nwith a two- and a three-month-old,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.19,0:15:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd be surprised\Nby how social those babies are.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.51,0:15:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we see\Nin the first six months of life
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.39,0:16:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that those two groups\Ncan be segregated very easily.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.16,0:16:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And using these kinds\Nof measures and many others,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.30,0:16:08.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we found out\Nis that our science could, in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.98,0:16:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,identify this condition early on.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.75,0:16:14.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We didn't have to wait\Nfor the behaviors of autism
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.93,0:16:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to emerge in the second year of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.16,0:16:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we measured things that are,\Nevolutionarily, highly conserved,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.71,0:16:25.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and developmentally very early-emerging --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.05,0:16:27.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things that are online\Nfrom the first weeks of life --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.76,0:16:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could push the detection of autism
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.74,0:16:32.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the way to those first months,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.29,0:16:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what we are doing now.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.62,0:16:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we can create\Nthe very best technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.80,0:16:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the very best methods\Nto identify the children,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.59,0:16:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this would be for naught\Nif we didn't have an impact
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.53,0:16:49.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on what happens in their reality\Nin the community.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.68,0:16:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we want those devices, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.99,0:16:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be deployed by those\Nwho are in the trenches --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.84,0:16:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our colleagues, the primary care\Nphysicians, who see every child --
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.07,0:17:02.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we need to transform\Nthose technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.45,0:17:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into something that is going\Nto add value to their practice,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.48,0:17:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they have to see so many children.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.69,0:17:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we want to do that universally\Nso that we don't miss any child.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.79,0:17:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this would be immoral
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.53,0:17:19.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we also did not have an infrastructure\Nfor intervention, for treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.49,0:17:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to be able to work\Nwith the families, support the families,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.40,0:17:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to manage those first years with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.38,0:17:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to be able to really go
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.81,0:17:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from universal screening\Nto universal access to treatment,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.75,0:17:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because those treatments\Nare going to change
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.76,0:17:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these children's\Nand those families' lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.45,0:17:48.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, when we think about what we [can]\Ndo in those first years,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.91,0:17:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can tell you, having been\Nin this field for so long,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.08,0:17:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one feels really rejuvenated.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.83,0:18:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a sense that the science\Nthat one worked on
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.58,0:18:04.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can actually have an impact on realities,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.37,0:18:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,preventing, in fact, those experiences
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.97,0:18:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I really started\Nin my journey in this field.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.34,0:18:14.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought at the time\Nthat this was an intractable condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.78,0:18:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No longer. We can do\Na great deal of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.71,0:18:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the idea is not to cure autism.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.14,0:18:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not the idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.79,0:18:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we want is to make sure
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.89,0:18:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that those individuals\Nwith autism can be free
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.46,0:18:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the devastating consequences\Nthat come with it at times,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.88,0:18:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the profound intellectual disabilities,\Nthe lack of language,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.96,0:18:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the profound, profound isolation.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.56,0:18:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We feel that individuals\Nwith autism, in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.83,0:18:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a very special\Nperspective on the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:44.32,0:18:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we need diversity.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.44,0:18:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they can work extremely well\Nin some areas of strength:
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.09,0:18:53.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,predictable situations,\Nsituations that can be defined.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.49,0:18:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because after all,\Nthey learn about the world
Dialogue: 0,0:18:56.48,0:18:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost, like, about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.38,0:19:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than learning\Nhow to function in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.20,0:19:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is a strength if you're working,\Nfor example, in technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.08,0:19:09.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are those individuals\Nwho have incredible artistic abilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.94,0:19:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want them to be free to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:12.29,0:19:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want that the next generations\Nof individuals with autism
Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.44,0:19:18.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be able not only\Nto express their strengths,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:18.54,0:19:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to fulfill their promise.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.95,0:19:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, thank you for listening to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.72,0:19:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)