[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.51,0:00:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last Chance Films
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.23,0:00:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In association with
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.90,0:00:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Event Horizon Productions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.82,0:00:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Presents
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.71,0:00:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ARCTIC DEATH SPIRAL\NAND THE METHANE TIME BOMB
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.14,0:00:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Emergency Broadcast System
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.05,0:00:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We interrupt our programming.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.32,0:00:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,THIS IS A NATIONAL EMERGENCY.\NImportant details will follow.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.97,0:00:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The emergency alert "system" has been activated.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.10,0:01:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ladies and gentleman.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.53,0:01:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The very word secrecy is repugnant,\Nin a free and open society.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.70,0:01:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We decided long ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.13,0:01:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the dangers of excessive and unwarranted\Nconcealment of pertinent facts
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.61,0:01:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,far outweigh the dangers\Nwhich are cited to justify it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.42,0:01:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I am asking your help,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.68,0:01:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the tremendous task\Nof informing and alerting the American people.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.51,0:01:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For I have complete confidence, in\Nthe response and dedication of our citizens.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.13,0:01:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whenever they are fully informed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.93,0:01:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many rivers and the air in many cities,\Nremain badly polluted.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.86,0:01:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And our citizens, suffer,\Nfrom breathing that air.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.44,0:01:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We lived with conditions like these\Nfor many many years.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.03,0:02:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But much that we once accepted as inevitable,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.29,0:02:08.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we now find absolutely intolerable.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.91,0:02:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each of us all across this great land
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.36,0:02:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a stake in maintaining\Nand improving environmental quality,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.71,0:02:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clean air and clean waters,\Nthe wise use of our lands,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.71,0:02:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the protection of wildlife and \Nnatural beauty, parks for all to enjoy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.93,0:02:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are part of the birthright of every American.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.50,0:02:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To guarantee that birthright,\Nwe must act, and act decisively.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.67,0:02:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is literally now, or never.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.87,0:02:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our program will emphasize conservation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.23,0:02:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The amount of energy being wasted,\Nwhich could be saved,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.32,0:02:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is greater than the total energy\Nthat we are importing from foreign countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.31,0:02:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will also stress development\Nof our rich coal reserves.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.80,0:02:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In an environmentally sound way.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.71,0:03:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it seems to me that if, we would concentrate\Non resolving the problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.20,0:03:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uh... of the automobile, the combustion engine,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.73,0:03:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thee, the pollution factor\Nand we've gone a long way in that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.34,0:03:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think of myself as an environmentalist.\NI uh...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.19,0:03:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't wanna see all this beauty\Naround us wiped out and destroyed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.93,0:03:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all know that human activities\Nare changing the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.93,0:03:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in unexpected, and in unprecedented ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.92,0:03:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I recommend that we adopt a BTU tax\Non the heat content of energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.07,0:03:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the best way to provide us\Nwith revenue to lower the deficit,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.54,0:03:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it also combats pollution,\Npromotes energy efficiency,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.12,0:03:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,promotes the independence\Neconomically of this country,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.22,0:03:48.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as helping to reduce the debt.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.50,0:03:53.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is environmentally responsible.\NIt will help us in the future,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.16,0:03:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as in the present with the deficit.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.90,0:03:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The United States is committed\Nto strengthening our energy security
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.15,0:04:01.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and confronting global climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.50,0:04:05.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the best way to meet these goals is for\NAmerica to continue leading the way
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.28,0:04:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,toward the development of cleaner, \Nand more energy efficient technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.85,0:04:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're gonna leave this planet...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.48,0:04:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At least as good as the, planet we inherited,\Nfrom our parents
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.95,0:04:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, we've got... we've got a\Nbigger problem with climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.02,0:04:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We sent, we sent a billion dollars to foreign nations,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.45,0:04:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of them hostile, and in the...\Nbecause of our addiction to oil,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.76,0:04:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the bargain\Nwe're melting the polar ice caps.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.06,0:04:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Changing the weather patterns\Nall around the globe...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.01,0:04:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The science is clear that man-made emissions\Nof air pollution and global warming gases
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.01,0:04:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are changing our atmosphere.\N- Anthropogenic global warming is still an issue
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.99,0:04:45.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the scientists are still debating\Nand you know it and I know it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.65,0:04:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The debate on the causes of Climate Change\Nare far from settled.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.83,0:04:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well the climate's always changing.\NThat's not the fundamental question.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.66,0:04:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fundamental question is whether man-made\Nactivity, is the, is what's contributing most...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.74,0:05:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think CO2 Is a problem, and therefore\NI don't think it needs to be regulated.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.41,0:05:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all breathe CO2, climate changes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.24,0:05:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's no evidence at all that it's man-made\NCO2 that causes the climate to change.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.08,0:05:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea of human induced global climate change is...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.51,0:05:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the greatest hoaxes perpetrated
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.09,0:05:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of the scientific community.\NIt is a hoax.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.16,0:05:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm only concerned about the,\Nincredible frenzy and hype
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.28,0:05:27.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for something that's a total myth.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.43,0:05:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's AMAZING to me how aaah,\Nupset so many people are...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.18,0:05:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The existence of all these billions of people\Non earth, have all influenced the climate of earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.48,0:05:42.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but NONE of it, is of significance, uhh...\Nand thank goodness,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.04,0:05:45.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things are doing just fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.36,0:05:50.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The question is the degree to which man influences\Nthe climate and whether actually we can...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.25,0:05:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...this is anything we should worry about\Nor whether we should be...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.70,0:05:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bombing the global economy into the \Ndark ages to try and stop it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.16,0:06:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ya know, the greatest hoax\NI think has been around,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.45,0:06:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in many many years,\Nif not hundreds of years
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.27,0:06:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been this hoax on the environment\Nand global warming.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.67,0:06:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You notice they don't call it global warming\Nanymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.71,0:06:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No no no. It's because it's getting cooler!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.00,0:06:10.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's "Weather Control".
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.79,0:06:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah! It's getting cooler, you can't call\Nit global warming anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.54,0:06:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we need, what the world needs is more\Nfossil fuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.65,0:06:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The evidence we have, is not just that fossil\Nfuels aren't ruining our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.58,0:06:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're making it much better...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.92,0:06:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Climate related deaths are going down.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.33,0:06:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, so, what we need is many many \Nmore fossil fuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.59,0:06:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that people can eat.\NAnd they can have food.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.58,0:06:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through the years of high school, \N"Aqua Net" hair spray use have done
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.98,0:06:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more damage to the ozone\Nthan any global warming scam has.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.52,0:06:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aqua. I remember Aqua Net.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.02,0:06:42.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aqua Net.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.49,0:06:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)\NEvery every, every.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.43,0:06:45.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember Brill creme.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.01,0:06:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I don't think that had anything to do\Nwith the climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.03,0:06:49.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"A little dab'll do ya" Remember that?\NThat's it!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.12,0:06:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There´s more!\NThe CO2 can also go...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.80,0:06:56.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Crazy Gestures & Comic Sounds)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.71,0:07:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At times when CO2 was rich in the atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.90,0:07:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was... greater growth of farms, vineyards\Nand so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.86,0:07:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh, I guess in England,\Nthere was a time when
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.14,0:07:14.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,growth of vineyards was so great\Nthere was this wine all over the place and...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.56,0:07:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'm still open to the possibility. So\Nif there's anyone from Exxon-Mobile here...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.84,0:07:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've got a bank account and routing number\Navailable for you. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.24,0:07:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One could argue from an economic point-of-view...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.52,0:07:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should be burning fossil-fuels like "Gangbusters"\Nto generate as much wealth as we can.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.30,0:07:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Divert some of that into alternative energy research\Nand we might get to those alternative energies
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.90,0:07:40.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,faster, than if we...\Nstarve poor people
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.55,0:07:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ruin the world's economies,\Nand reduce CO2 emissions.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.71,0:07:47.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.01,0:07:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, as we agreed, you owe me two beers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.12,0:07:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.63,0:07:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Scientific American" editorialized on the\Nescalating ugliness of climate denier tactics and rhetoric.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.18,0:08:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The editors wondered if we are a people\Nincreasingly estranged from critical thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.49,0:08:07.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,divorced from logic,\Nalienated from objective truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.49,0:12:02.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now to the big headline from \N"Climate Scientists" tonight.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.15,0:12:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The UN International Panel on Climate Change\N
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.22,0:12:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,says we are hurdling toward the day when \NClimate Change could be irreversible,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.97,0:12:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with catastrophic consequences they say.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.89,0:12:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's only going to get worse if we don't take\Ndrastic measures.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.56,0:12:21.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've seen an increasing number of regions\Nover the decades, starting to lose ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.14,0:12:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this is the first time we've seen it\NALMOST globally.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.90,0:12:26.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most ominously, the report says
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.25,0:12:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are in REAL danger of\Nexceeding our carbon limit of one-trillion tons.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.80,0:12:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists say that would warm the earth more\Nthan three and a half degrees Fahrenheit,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.94,0:12:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making the impacts of climate change\NMUCH more dangerous...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.25,0:12:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the worry.\NMany of the worlds cities are in the crosshairs.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.09,0:12:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the people around the world \Nlive in coastal areas,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.53,0:12:46.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's where most of your major cities are \Nbecause that's where ports are.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.59,0:12:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they are at sea level.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.27,0:12:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So even small changes in sea level rise can\Ndisplace millions of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.80,0:12:58.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists fly over a giant chunk of Antarctic\Nice as it cracks and collapses.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.64,0:13:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The chunk is enormous.\NAbout seven times the size of Manhattan
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.78,0:13:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,160 Square Miles.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.08,0:13:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was part of the Wilkins Ice shelf.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.20,0:13:12.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The biggest on Antarctica yet, scientists\Nsay to fall victim to Global Warming.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.66,0:13:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Watching Wilkins ice shelf disappear at the moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.39,0:13:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we learn a lot more about \Nhow Ice responds to climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.83,0:13:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Ice is just a small fraction of the\NAntarctic ice sheet.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.55,0:13:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it broke off well before scientists predicted.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.56,0:13:30.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A sign they said that Climate Change may be\Nhappening faster than expected.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.39,0:13:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One expert told us last year:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.91,0:13:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I think what we, what we do know is that\Nice, uhh, uh, is probably our best sensor,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.48,0:13:42.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these large scale changes taking place.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.58,0:13:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in many ways I think we're in\Nunchartered territory."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.71,0:13:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ice plays a vital role in cooling the Earth's\Ntemperature and regulating sea levels.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.79,0:13:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it´s lost, the planet gets warmer, \Nsea levels rise and more ice is threatened.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.34,0:13:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A vicious environmental circle.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.84,0:14:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are glaciologists now\Nwho are getting very worried.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.93,0:14:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they haven't really come out \Nand said what they think.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.22,0:14:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take a good look at it, \Nbecause it won't be there for long.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.92,0:14:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's cracking and it's breaking up.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.48,0:14:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's only one of dozens\Nof Antarctic ice shelves
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.77,0:14:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collapsing faster than anyone predicted.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.85,0:14:25.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would say the vast majority of we we're\Nlooking at back there is broken up this year.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.41,0:14:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a cool summer right? Chicago, New York,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.77,0:14:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,places like that, so. \NHow could it be Global Warming?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.41,0:14:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is how.\NLook at the context.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.62,0:14:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These blue dots over North America represent\Nbelow average temperatures
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.02,0:14:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the Summer... June, July, August.\NWhat we call "Climate Logical Summer".
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.84,0:14:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But look at the context. They're lost in a sea of red dots across much of the rest of the globe.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.47,0:14:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just a couple other blue dots here and there.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.06,0:14:49.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those red dots are above-average temperatures.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.91,0:14:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What that translates to in terms of a ranking\Nfor this summer and for August
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.23,0:14:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,globally, second warmest on record. Period of record going back a little more than a century.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.14,0:15:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,June through August globally.\NThe third warmest on record.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.42,0:15:06.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The oceans which had cooled for a couple years\Nnow recovered with a vengeance.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.39,0:15:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,August the warmest on record. June through August also the warmest on record.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.61,0:15:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if the scientists are anywhere near correct,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.34,0:15:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then this is the greatest challenge\Nfacing humanity today.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.85,0:15:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the greatest challenge\Nhumanity has ever faced,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.59,0:15:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and probably WILL ever face.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.53,0:15:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If someone asks me,\Nif the climate system were changing.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.71,0:15:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would say, look at the data.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.42,0:15:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Arctic is, is experiencing, uh.. \NI would say a crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.29,0:15:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The meltdown is changing long held beliefs\Nabout the Arctic and it's weather patterns.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.09,0:15:50.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As well as being blamed for\Naffecting conditions around the globe
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.78,0:15:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and triggering a rise in global sea levels.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.33,0:16:02.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From all these collective studies of the whole\NArctic region,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.18,0:16:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see that it's warming much faster\Nthan the rest of the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.36,0:16:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2012, we had the new record set
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.34,0:16:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of melting \Nover the Greenland ice sheet.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.73,0:16:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here, amid this snow and ice
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.28,0:16:20.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's hard to believe that the ice sheet is\Nmelting as fast as scientists say.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.09,0:16:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.58,0:16:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists say, we are watching the polar\Nregions melt right before our eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.64,0:16:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can tell, there's a stream, here.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.10,0:16:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's a bunch of flow \Ncoming down on this right side.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.81,0:16:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Interpreting the info that comes from satellites\Ncalled "The Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment".
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.97,0:16:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In science circles, it's called "GRACE".
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.09,0:16:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"GRACE" can detect the most subtle minute\Nchanges in land ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.05,0:16:53.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down to the width of a human hair.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.99,0:17:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The faster speeds that we're seeing uhh...
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.18,0:17:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Greenland are not going to slow down.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.11,0:17:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not the way, uh, ice sheets behave.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.49,0:17:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ooohohohooooo!\NAaaaaah!
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.44,0:18:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ouch! Oh my God!
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.55,0:18:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Here comes the water...
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.100,0:18:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh ohoo."
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.41,0:18:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Look at that."
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.90,0:18:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"ohoo, ohoo..."
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.94,0:18:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Woooooow!
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.36,0:18:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how big, was this calving event that we\Njust looked at?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.44,0:18:45.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll resort to some illustrations again to\Ngive you a sense of scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:48.88,0:18:52.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's as if the entire lower tip of Manhattan\Nbroke off.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.13,0:18:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Except that...\Nthe thickness, the height of it
Dialogue: 0,0:18:56.38,0:19:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is equivalent to buildings that are two and\Na half or three times higher than they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.76,0:19:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a magical, miraculous\Nhorrible, scary thing
Dialogue: 0,0:19:21.46,0:19:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know that anybody's really seen the\Nmiracle and horror of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:28.68,0:19:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It took a hundred years for it to retreat\Neight miles, from 1900 to 2000.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:34.26,0:19:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From 2000 to 2010, it retreated nine miles.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:37.95,0:19:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in ten years, it retreated more than it\Nhad in the previous one-hundred.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:47.00,0:19:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, we're going to look at the
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.97,0:19:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,runaway behavior, that is actually happening,\Nto the Arctic system.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.82,0:19:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Going almost exponential.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.27,0:20:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We saw the rate of change of ice area, accelerating.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.59,0:20:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We saw the change in ice mass, or thickness
Dialogue: 0,0:20:08.49,0:20:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also accelerating and moving towards zero,\Nover the next two or three years.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:15.29,0:20:17.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And taken all together,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:17.34,0:20:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have the unmistakable footprint of a system\Nin, what we call, self-amplification
Dialogue: 0,0:20:24.44,0:20:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, "Runaway Behavior".
Dialogue: 0,0:20:26.87,0:20:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uhh, you may remember that in 2007, \Nthere was a, uh,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:29.93,0:20:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a big study that came out \Nfrom this group called
Dialogue: 0,0:20:32.33,0:20:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change".
Dialogue: 0,0:20:35.25,0:20:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, they looked at computer models of how\Nrapidly Arctic ice would go away.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:42.75,0:20:47.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, as of early 2007,\Nthis is what they were telling us.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:48.06,0:20:49.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That, aahm...
Dialogue: 0,0:20:49.97,0:20:56.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We would see, gradual drop in Arctic... ice minimum.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:56.41,0:21:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going down to where we probably still have\Na fair amount of ice left in the year 2100.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:01.92,0:21:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Worst case, maybe by 2070,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:04.82,0:21:10.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would see open water, in the Arctic, \Nin the Summertime.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.67,0:21:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That very same year,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:14.99,0:21:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we saw, in the actual observations, a\Nhuge drop in the Arctic ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.91,0:21:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, that drop has continued so that in 2012,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:26.87,0:21:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is now where we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:28.82,0:21:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're something like fifty years ahead\Nof the worst case scenarios,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.48,0:21:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the scientists were giving us \Njust five years ago with Arctic Ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:39.61,0:21:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm actually in agreement with many climate\Nchange deniers, in that the IPCC is wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.77,0:21:50.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think, they're actually wrong, because\Nthey're too conservative.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:51.01,0:21:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they haven't really been telling the story\Nof what really could happen...
Dialogue: 0,0:21:54.78,0:21:57.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you summarize the effect\Nof an ice-free Arctic on the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:57.97,0:22:01.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, the effect of an ice-free Arctic on the\Nworld is a very large one,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:01.89,0:22:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it goes way beyond the Arctic itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:05.24,0:22:07.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because once thee sea ice has disappeared,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:08.14,0:22:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,firstly, that produces a decrease\Nin the global albedo,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:13.14,0:22:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the amount of radiation reflected by the earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:16.79,0:22:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And has a knock-on effect in the sense that\Nthe warmer air masses in the Arctic in summer,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:22.21,0:22:24.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cause a retreat of the snowline,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:24.75,0:22:30.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the snow-line decrease has just as big\Nan effect on the albedo as the sea ice decrease has.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:30.55,0:22:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as global albedo change, which affects\Nthee temperature of thee entire planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:35.67,0:22:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it warms it all up.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:37.60,0:22:41.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh, and then, there's the fact\Nthat as the sea ice retreats
Dialogue: 0,0:22:41.18,0:22:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it allows the water masses around\Nthe shelves of the Arctic to warm up.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:46.93,0:22:52.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that warms up the seabed and releases\Nmore Methane from the sub-sea permafrost
Dialogue: 0,0:22:52.91,0:22:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is melting away.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:55.32,0:22:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, that methane itself\Nis a very very powerful greenhouse gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:59.98,0:23:04.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're having a methane kick, uh,\Ncoming in from the retreat of the sea ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:05.02,0:23:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which again, is a global effect rather than\Nsimply an Arctic effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:10.58,0:23:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the IPCC is uh...
Dialogue: 0,0:23:13.30,0:23:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not a whole load of people agreeing.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:16.05,0:23:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a load of people saying, oh, it's this,\Nit's this, it's this.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.88,0:23:24.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just that, nearly, everybody thinks that\Nwe are warming the planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:24.72,0:23:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they, disagree about how fast it'll happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:28.12,0:23:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They disagree about whether negative or positive\Nfeedbacks are going to be more important.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:33.69,0:23:37.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of the more conservative scientific\Nbodies on the planet. They work by consensus,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:38.05,0:23:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, after the scientists reach consensus...
Dialogue: 0,0:23:40.79,0:23:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they then, vet they're report through the\Npolitical process.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:44.33,0:23:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So politicians have to sign off on the IPCC's\Nassessment before it's released.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:48.46,0:23:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they conclude that, that we've reached\N"Runaway",
Dialogue: 0,0:23:52.16,0:23:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the absence of Geo-engineering.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:55.10,0:23:57.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, this is not in the model.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:57.39,0:24:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The models don't show this happening.\NThis IS happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:00.21,0:24:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what happens when we update the models,\Nso that it does reflect that the Arctic is melting?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:07.21,0:24:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're seeing effects.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:09.44,0:24:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, one of thee primary effects, that, uh...
Dialogue: 0,0:24:14.50,0:24:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grabs most peoples attention is\Nwhat's happening with the Arctic sea ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:18.89,0:24:24.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ice that's floating on the Arctic ocean,\Nthat covers usually most of the Arctic Ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:24.33,0:24:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last year 2012 was the record low as lowest,\NArctic summer ice that we have seen
Dialogue: 0,0:24:32.14,0:24:34.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ever since we've been observing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:34.96,0:24:37.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas the rest of the globe has cooled,\Nsince 1997,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:38.15,0:24:44.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,temperature in the Arctic has started to increase \Nand increase, increasingly rapidly.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:44.45,0:24:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The hotter it gets, the faster it gets hotter.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:47.71,0:24:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2007 alone, in one year, it melted more in\Nthe previous year
Dialogue: 0,0:24:53.97,0:24:57.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by an area equal to \Nthree times the size of California.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:58.39,0:25:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it will be all gone, in five or ten years.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:02.63,0:25:08.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pretty clear from the death spiral,\Nthat's the way in which the volumes of ice
Dialogue: 0,0:25:08.40,0:25:12.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the summer are zeroing in towards\Nuh, towards zero,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:12.70,0:25:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the ice can't last more\Nthan a couple more years.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:19.51,0:25:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no way... that ice mass,\Nof the end of September,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:25.92,0:25:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can continue going round this circle, \Nfor the next five decades.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:32.11,0:25:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's moving very rapidly\Ninto the zero point in the center.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.87,0:25:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's been decreasing for several decades.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:40.79,0:25:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, way back into the nineteen-sixties\Nand seventies,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:44.02,0:25:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have a trend pattern of decreasing area of sea ice,\Nparticularly at it's minimum.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.85,0:25:55.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the minimum sea ice occurs in September\Nat the end of the summer warming.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:55.46,0:25:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, do have a look at the last few years,\Nfrom 2007 onwards.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:00.12,0:26:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The data points have been pulling way down\Nbelow the straight line.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:05.77,0:26:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It becomes more and more obvious that straight\Nline representations are no longer
Dialogue: 0,0:26:11.45,0:26:17.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the appropriate statistical tool for demonstrating what is\Ngoing on in the Arctic.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:17.36,0:26:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we see it looks like the end of the\NArctic sea ice area
Dialogue: 0,0:26:24.87,0:26:28.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in September, by about 2015.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:28.53,0:26:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're seeing a temperature rise, this is\Nthe NASA temperature graph,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.22,0:26:38.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going back to 1880 when we feel\Nwe have good global coverage with instruments.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:38.23,0:26:40.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can take it back much further.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:40.88,0:26:45.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, a very significant paper came out,\Njust this past Spring,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.24,0:26:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which looked at a number of different... \Ntemperature Proxies, as we call them,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:51.21,0:26:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like tree rings and corals \Nand stalactites in caves and things like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.28,0:27:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we pushed back the temperature record\Neleven-thousand years...
Dialogue: 0,0:27:00.79,0:27:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what you've got is this, uhn...\N
Dialogue: 0,0:27:02.88,0:27:05.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got us coming out \Nof the ice age, back here,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:05.79,0:27:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we've got a slow, slow, slow gradual,\Ngradual decline, until the last century.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:11.51,0:27:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, this is us.\NHere.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:14.30,0:27:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we're... we're... we're pretty clear that,\Nthat, uhh...
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.67,0:27:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something's changed \Nin the last two-hundred years
Dialogue: 0,0:27:22.77,0:27:27.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the only thing that we've been able to track down\Nthat really answers it is the... uhn
Dialogue: 0,0:27:28.73,0:27:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,greenhouse gases \Nthat human beings have been putting out.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:32.81,0:27:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's going on in the Arctic area at the\Nmoment is, probably, the fastest moving response,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:39.85,0:27:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Global Warming and Climate Change \Nanywhere on the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:46.83,0:27:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1859, the English physicist John Tyndall,\Nusing equipment of his own design,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:52.48,0:27:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showed that certain gases in the atmosphere blocked\Nand absorbed long wave or heat radiation.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:58.00,0:28:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Four decades later, Svante Arrhenius, \Nwith thousands of manual calculations,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:02.38,0:28:10.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made an estimate of the global warming power of CO2,\Nthat was very close to today's best models.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.11,0:28:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 1950's, american Charles Keeling\Nbegan to measure accurately
Dialogue: 0,0:28:14.31,0:28:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the steady increase of CO2 in the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:17.56,0:28:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spectrographic analysis soon showed that the\Nnew carbon was, without a doubt, man-made.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:23.19,0:28:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a rare gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:24.93,0:28:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The atmosphere is almost all, Nitrogen and\NOxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:27.89,0:28:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you see here that, \Nout of a million molecules of air in 1958,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:32.06,0:28:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 314 of them would be \Ncarbon dioxide molecules.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:36.94,0:28:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you see the graph there at the lower left,\Ntracing the first few years.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:42.57,0:28:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you can see a lot of things on this graph\Njust, right away.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:45.88,0:28:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, it's increasing with time.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:48.87,0:28:52.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's what the Keeling curve,\Nwhich is the popular name for this,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:52.29,0:28:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,\Nlooks like today.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:53.73,0:28:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see that what was 314 then,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:28:56.98,0:29:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is now 395 or so, \Npushing 400 today.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:01.76,0:29:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a remarkable story right there.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:05.18,0:29:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because that increase is something like 25%.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:08.82,0:29:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mankind is changing the chemical composition\Nof the atmosphere in important ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:14.53,0:29:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, the greenhouse effect had been understood\Nfor a long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:18.19,0:29:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact that Carbon Dioxide, and other molecules\Ntrap infrared energy, they trap heat essentially,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:25.34,0:29:29.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been known to experimental physicists\Nin the middle 1800's.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:29.45,0:29:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,John Tyndall, in London,\Nput Carbon Dioxide in a tube
Dialogue: 0,0:29:32.75,0:29:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and measured how it could absorb\Ninfrared energy, which he could shine on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:38.24,0:29:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first attempts to understand the implications\Nof this for climate date back to the 1890's.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:46.27,0:29:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in a sense, the science was there,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:49.96,0:29:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connecting Carbon Dioxide amounts of the atmosphere\Nto Climate Change
Dialogue: 0,0:29:54.11,0:29:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until we had the measurements\Nshowing that the CO2 was actually increasing
Dialogue: 0,0:29:58.92,0:30:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and increasing much more quickly than had\Nbeen foreseen in the nineteen century.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.42,0:30:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were more people using more coal and\Noil and natural gas,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:06.90,0:30:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the rapidity of the growth of CO2 was\Na surprise to everyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:12.62,0:30:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Popular mechanics magazine \Nwrote about this in 1953.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.34,0:30:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The products of research were showing us that\Nif we continue to add Carbon Dioxide to the atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:24.36,0:30:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by burning fossil fuels,\Nwe're going to see a rise in temperature
Dialogue: 0,0:30:28.28,0:30:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the work of Doctor Gilbert Plas, who\Npublished a very significant paper on this.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:34.29,0:30:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This had been an issue that had been kicked\Naround for the previous hundred years or so,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:41.54,0:30:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, it was this research that really kind\Nof nailed it in so far as making the science clear.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:50.02,0:30:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet it's taken us this long to really even\Nbegin to get through to the public dialogue
Dialogue: 0,0:30:55.52,0:30:57.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on how important this is.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:57.07,0:31:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The amount of Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere\Nis what matters to the climate.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:02.51,0:31:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Climate just reacts to how many and what kinds\Nof heat trapping gases are there.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:07.42,0:31:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more there are of an important gas, \Nlike CO2
Dialogue: 0,0:31:10.51,0:31:13.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is by far the most important man-made gas,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:13.39,0:31:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the warmer it gets.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:14.52,0:31:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, on this graph is temperature and Carbon\NDioxide.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:18.11,0:31:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's look at the black line first.\NThat's Carbon Dioxide.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:21.30,0:31:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1880 on the left,\Nthe present on the right,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:23.49,0:31:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so, we know that it was rising gradually\Nbefore Keelings measurements began.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:28.52,0:31:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that, in the times before the 1800's,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:33.01,0:31:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when human activities presumably had no strong\Neffect on climate,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:36.98,0:31:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was near a value of 280\Nand these same units of molecules per million molecules.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:42.21,0:31:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So CO2 has been rising, but\Nin all the years before the 1930's,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:48.49,0:31:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might say, every year \Nwas below that average,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:51.05,0:31:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in recent years, \Nevery year's been above it.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:53.83,0:31:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, the natural variability is due to factors\Nlike El Nino and the occasional strong Volcano,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:58.84,0:32:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which temporarily cools the climate \Nfor a year or two.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:02.10,0:32:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And uh, so these things here are some of the\Nstrongest El Nino's on record.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.48,0:32:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that there's a warming now \Nand that this period is different
Dialogue: 0,0:32:10.00,0:32:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from this period,\Nisn't in doubt at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:13.24,0:32:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the question that \Npeople typically ask is...
Dialogue: 0,0:32:16.13,0:32:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we know this isn't just\Nsome kind of a normal cycle?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:18.70,0:32:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK. It's getting warmer but, \NIt's been warmer in the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:21.86,0:32:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's been colder in the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:24.09,0:32:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we know this is\Ndifferent from the past?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:26.96,0:32:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:27.84,0:32:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can measure what's coming into and out\Nof the planet by satellite,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:33.27,0:32:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the satellites do\Na pretty good job of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:35.91,0:32:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know, that, the planet is in energy imbalance.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:41.56,0:32:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that that energy imbalance is completely\Nconsistent with the predictions
Dialogue: 0,0:32:48.13,0:32:51.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have been made\Nabout greenhouse gases.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:51.47,0:32:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we know that\Nthat's quite a big energy imbalance.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:54.34,0:32:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not small.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:55.80,0:33:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it's equal to about 400 thousand\NHiroshima nuclear bombs exploding everyday.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:03.41,0:33:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's about four or five \Nevery second or so.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:05.88,0:33:11.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how much energy is being trapped,\Nprimarily in the ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:33:11.11,0:33:14.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the ocean is \Nthe biggest heat sink, by far.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:14.99,0:33:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, natural sources are in balance between\Nemission and absorption.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:20.69,0:33:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The oceans are actually net absorbers but...
Dialogue: 0,0:33:23.97,0:33:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Human beings. It's one-way traffic.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:26.37,0:33:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's only us that can be causing the increase.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:30.02,0:33:34.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything else, even volcanoes,\Nis balanced by uptake.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:34.15,0:33:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's only us,\Nthat can be causing the increase.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:37.60,0:33:41.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From here you are in the early \Nnineteen hundreds til today.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:41.09,0:33:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blue is cooler than average, and yellow and\Norange are warmer than average
Dialogue: 0,0:33:44.48,0:33:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see here,\Nit's still some blue areas and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:47.34,0:33:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But starting in the 1970´s, you start to see\Nthe yellow and orange colors predominating.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:53.69,0:33:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the time this ends in 2010 or so,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:57.51,0:34:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see what the world looks like\Ntoday in this picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:01.12,0:34:02.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's warming everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:02.43,0:34:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's more warming over the continents \Nthan over the oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:05.37,0:34:07.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's more warming in the North\Nthan in the South.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:07.61,0:34:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's the strongest warming in the Arctic.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:09.69,0:34:13.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a Mercator projection so it exaggerates\Nthe area of the Arctic.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:13.37,0:34:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the warming is strongest in high Northern\Nlatitudes.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:16.46,0:34:19.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's because of a number of feedbacks\Nthat we think we understand
Dialogue: 0,0:34:19.69,0:34:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of which the most important is that, \Nwhen warming occurs in the far North,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:23.82,0:34:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ice and snow melt ,\Nas we've seen.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:26.12,0:34:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, the ice and snow having melted revealed\Ndarker water and darker land that was under them,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:31.94,0:34:34.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which reflect less sunlight and therefore\Nabsorb more sunlight.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:34.79,0:34:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the chain of events is \NCarbon Dioxide causes the warming,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:39.23,0:34:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the warming melts snow and ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:40.78,0:34:44.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the melted snow and ice make the surface darker,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:44.28,0:34:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the darker surface absorbs more sunlight,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:46.83,0:34:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that adds to the warming.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:48.83,0:34:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The human trigger is now almost irrelevant.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:51.65,0:34:54.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The feedbacks have taken over.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:54.75,0:34:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The mirror that's at the top of the world\Nis gonna be gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:57.30,0:35:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It won't be gone in the wintertime but the\NSun's not shining on it in the wintertime.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:01.58,0:35:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it matters in the summertime.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:03.64,0:35:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the key effects that this has is that\Nwhen all of these Northern areas are covered
Dialogue: 0,0:35:10.40,0:35:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with white reflective snow and ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:13.62,0:35:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it bounces most of the Solar energy off,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:17.25,0:35:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bounces it back off into space.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:19.84,0:35:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, when we are seeing\N
Dialogue: 0,0:35:22.42,0:35:27.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more and more open water, dark soil \Nand dark surfaces,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:27.37,0:35:29.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the solar energy \Ntends to get absorbed.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:29.75,0:35:32.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So instead of reflecting 90% of all the energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:32.21,0:35:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're absorbing 90% of all the energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:35.23,0:35:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this is what scientists call:\N"A Positive Feedback",
Dialogue: 0,0:35:39.92,0:35:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they don't mean that it's good.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:43.28,0:35:47.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not a positive thing for us because,\Nit's more like a vicious cycle,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:47.71,0:35:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more heat equals less ice,\Nand less ice equals more heat
Dialogue: 0,0:35:50.94,0:35:54.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it just sort of \Ncontinues on in a spiral.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:54.76,0:35:56.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what we're seeing in the Arctic.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:56.91,0:36:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why the Arctic is warming at about\Ntwice the rate of the rest of the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:02.69,0:36:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that means that Sun's energy is being\Nabsorbed into the tundra,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:07.62,0:36:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the frozen areas of the Northern continental\Nmasses and into the open ocean where the ice was.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:16.22,0:36:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that the whole system is now accelerating\Nand accelerating and accelerating
Dialogue: 0,0:36:21.63,0:36:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the hotter it gets\Nthe faster it gets hotter.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:24.53,0:36:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The faster it gets hotter,\Nthe more water vapor.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:26.90,0:36:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more water vapor, \Nthe faster it gets hotter.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:29.21,0:36:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The faster it gets hotter, \Nthe less ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:31.20,0:36:35.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The less ice, the less reflection\Nso the faster it gets hotter...
Dialogue: 0,0:36:35.01,0:36:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You begin to get the idea?
Dialogue: 0,0:36:36.80,0:36:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has to be a downward curving,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:38.92,0:36:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we call exponential decay.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:42.98,0:36:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you project that line forward\Nas is done in this particular setting of the equations
Dialogue: 0,0:36:49.38,0:36:52.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and understanding of Arctic ice mass loss,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:52.59,0:36:59.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then, once again, it shows \Nzero ice floating on the Arctic ocean...
Dialogue: 0,0:36:59.60,0:37:02.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the end of Summer... 2015.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:03.31,0:37:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which confirms precisely, my own work\Non the decay of Arctic ice area to the same date.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:11.79,0:37:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mind you, at the same time, the thickness of the ice\Nhas also been diminishing.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:17.10,0:37:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ice in the Arctic now \Nis thinner than it used to be,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:20.08,0:37:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thus more vulnerable to melting.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:22.95,0:37:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just to give you an example of what's\Nhappening
Dialogue: 0,0:37:25.53,0:37:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in this past season...
Dialogue: 0,0:37:28.06,0:37:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is from March
Dialogue: 0,0:37:30.45,0:37:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,March and April of 2013.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:33.76,0:37:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Looking at this area above Alaska.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:39.68,0:37:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had a cyclone going on, up in this area,\Nthat was moving, causing some torque on this ice
Dialogue: 0,0:37:44.69,0:37:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the ice just started to fracture and\Nbreak up, in a manner that was very very unusual.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:50.18,0:37:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I talked to scientists at\Nthe National Snow and Ice Data Center,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:53.80,0:37:59.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they said: "What you're seeing here is happening\Nbecause this ice would've been maybe
Dialogue: 0,0:37:59.65,0:38:04.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,twenty feet thick thirty years ago, \Nand now it's only three feet thick."
Dialogue: 0,0:38:04.35,0:38:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it´s getting pushed around\Nand broken up.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:07.43,0:38:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And much of this did in fact refreeze,\Nbut it refroze in a manner that was much thinner,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:38:13.69,0:38:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much more fragile, and it´s now being pushed around,\Ndeformed much more easily
Dialogue: 0,0:38:20.34,0:38:23.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and melted much more quickly \Nthen it would've been fifty years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:23.64,0:38:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When our people think about Climate Change,\Nthey think in 2100. 2100!
Dialogue: 0,0:38:28.98,0:38:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We might have two feet of more sea level.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:32.10,0:38:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gee, well, I can kinda deal with that...
Dialogue: 0,0:38:34.32,0:38:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're talking about 2010.\N2020.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:38.64,0:38:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's gonna be really serious impacts.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:40.98,0:38:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If any of these things happen\Nwhich could happen... anytime.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:45.58,0:38:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like playin Russian Roulette \Nwith kind of a few bullets in the chamber.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:49.52,0:38:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the temperature starts to increase \Nmore quickly,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:52.03,0:38:56.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then other feedbacks are also\Nbrought into play,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:56.65,0:39:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more powerfully\Nthen they had been previously.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:03.03,0:39:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sixth consequence concerns\Nwhat's happening to the Greenland icecap.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:08.69,0:39:13.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it sits there as a one-and-a-half mile\Nthick
Dialogue: 0,0:39:14.89,0:39:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,layer of ice \Nacross a large piece of land mass.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:20.27,0:39:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once upon a time,\N15 000 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:22.94,0:39:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had great ice sheets, \Ncovering our most populous zones
Dialogue: 0,0:39:29.100,0:39:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Western hemisphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:31.59,0:39:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those ice sheets retreated, very rapidly when\Nthe climate and the oceans switched.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:39.18,0:39:46.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we're getting here now is a rate\Nof retreat that, I believe, is unprecedented
Dialogue: 0,0:39:46.100,0:39:49.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of the last ten-thousand years.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:49.93,0:39:54.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earlier this month, the surface of the ice sheet\Ncovering Greenland melted more widely
Dialogue: 0,0:39:54.95,0:39:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than has been seen in thirty-three years \Nof satellite imagery.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:58.50,0:40:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We got some reports that there was melt going\Non around Greenland.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:01.34,0:40:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Literally, like so much water running off\Nthat it was washing out bridges and things.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:04.66,0:40:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That there were runways that were on the snow\Nthat were having problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:07.58,0:40:09.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You just had to be here,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:09.61,0:40:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this time last year, to watch this bridge,\Ncompletely wash-out.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:16.25,0:40:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The discharge of the river, at the point\Nwas...
Dialogue: 0,0:40:21.40,0:40:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically two-hundred times that of the Thames.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:23.89,0:40:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The effect is small, so far...
Dialogue: 0,0:40:28.70,0:40:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, Greenland's mass loss has doubled over\Nthe last decade.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:34.08,0:40:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if that pattern of doubling continues\Nover coming decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:39.69,0:40:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we're gonna have to rewrite some of the\Npredictions that we've made
Dialogue: 0,0:40:45.03,0:40:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how rapidly \Nthis is gonna happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:48.26,0:40:52.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bed of the ice sheet and the interior\Nice sheet is frozen to it's base.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:52.99,0:40:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's starting to slip.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:54.48,0:40:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the bedrock. OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:59.68,0:41:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is your ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:01.59,0:41:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is your water.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:06.14,0:41:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that this water suddenly and violently\Ndrains through this channel.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:11.98,0:41:16.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then suddenly you have a change in direction\Nbut it goes very fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:16.95,0:41:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're focusing on this little lake over here,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:19.35,0:41:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see these mountain water lakes popping\Nup across the surface of the ice sheet
Dialogue: 0,0:41:25.01,0:41:28.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the weather gets\Nwarmer and warmer.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:28.42,0:41:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what you'll see here is this meanders along,\Nit meanders along
Dialogue: 0,0:41:32.18,0:41:36.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until it goes down,\Ninto the ice, right there.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:36.15,0:41:37.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as it goes down,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:37.99,0:41:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's delivering all that heat\Ndown into the deep levels of the ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:42.22,0:41:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now the heat goes down here and,\Njust like a stick of butter,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:45.66,0:41:48.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ice sheet begins to get soft.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:48.41,0:41:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It begins to move faster and that water goes\Ndown to the bottom
Dialogue: 0,0:41:52.69,0:41:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, because it's an incompressible fluid,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:55.78,0:41:58.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will support, even a kilometer of ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:58.25,0:42:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will lubricate even a huge volume of ice\Nand make it move faster over that rocky surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:03.95,0:42:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that accelerates the process as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:08.07,0:42:13.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The water across the surface of this ice sheet\Nis rampant,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:13.17,0:42:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's causing untold damage to the base\Nof the ice sheet,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:19.40,0:42:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's doing that in deep interior regions\Nthat never before,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:24.43,0:42:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not least in the last ten-thousand years,\Nhave been susceptible to that warming.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:30.95,0:42:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That water input.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:32.81,0:42:36.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That water draining down into the ice \Nis relatively warm.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:36.61,0:42:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The average temperature of the ice sheet, at depth,\Nis several degrees below the freezing point,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:44.12,0:42:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas the water that's draining in is right\Nat the freezing point.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:48.66,0:42:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is relatively warm water that drains\Nin and it heats the ice sheet, internally.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:55.63,0:42:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Warmer ice deforms more easily than cold ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:59.79,0:43:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, an increase in melt water draining in\Nto the ice sheet has a softening effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:05.47,0:43:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially when the amount of melt water is\Nincreasing.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:08.51,0:43:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, Greenland is 23 feet of sea level.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:11.60,0:43:14.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,7.3 meters, if it all melts.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:14.89,0:43:18.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the history is very clear.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:18.29,0:43:21.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it was warm, there's no ice on Greenland.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:21.02,0:43:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it's cold, there's lots of ice on Greenland.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:23.90,0:43:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it's very clear Greenland is very tightly\Ntied to temperature
Dialogue: 0,0:43:28.12,0:43:30.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if it gets too hot\Nit goes away.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:30.89,0:43:36.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And too hot is not very many degrees above\Nwhere we are now...
Dialogue: 0,0:43:36.41,0:43:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the Ilulissat glacier.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:38.79,0:43:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the calving front of Ilulissat glacier\Nthat we flew along on the first day.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:43.16,0:43:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the fastest moving ice stream\Nin the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:46.31,0:43:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's 400 feet high.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:47.96,0:43:53.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The water is coming down under the ice and\Nsquirting out down here, below the water line,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:53.95,0:43:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like... a Jacuzzi.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:55.75,0:43:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's creating circulation down here
Dialogue: 0,0:43:59.09,0:44:05.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's drawing warm ocean water\Nin underneaththe the water line here.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:05.97,0:44:10.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it makes it accelerate the calving off\Nof the giant glaciers.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:10.33,0:44:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this whole bay here is just full of gigantic\Nglaciers.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:14.11,0:44:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As that movement accelerates...
Dialogue: 0,0:44:16.59,0:44:20.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ice upstream begins \Nto crack and deform, like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:20.59,0:44:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, you can see, as it cracks, that water begins\Nto collect in those cracks.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:26.08,0:44:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that water begins to absorb more heat\Nand, because water is heavier than ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:31.92,0:44:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it actually begins to hydro fracture it's way, \Ndown into the ice sheet.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:37.47,0:44:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accelerating the movement even further.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:40.66,0:44:45.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what you're seeing is that,\Nat every stage,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:44:45.45,0:44:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a different kind of a process that,\Nnot only feeds on itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:51.98,0:44:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but feeds into all\Nthe other processes in the cycle.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:57.48,0:45:00.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the ice sheet, \Nif you wanna know what's happening,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:00.05,0:45:03.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to just follow the water \Nand see what it's telling you.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:03.59,0:45:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the story that it's telling us.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:05.86,0:45:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is why scientists \Nare starting to feel that
Dialogue: 0,0:45:10.25,0:45:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Greenland and ice sheets across the planet\Nhave the capacity to move much faster
Dialogue: 0,0:45:18.90,0:45:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then what they have\Nduring human experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:27.05,0:45:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the big concern is that we don't tip ourselves\Ninto some kind of an event like that
Dialogue: 0,0:45:34.63,0:45:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the ice sheets begin to move at a pace that\Nis really beyond human capacity to keep up with.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:42.14,0:45:48.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we move to acceleratingly\Nincreasing temperature change,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:48.23,0:45:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the waters all around Greenland are no\Nlonger covered with floating ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:55.68,0:46:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as the temperature of those waters around\Nbegins to increase,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:00.97,0:46:06.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, of course the air over Greenland is hotter.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:07.84,0:46:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The waters around it are hotter.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:11.60,0:46:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ice surface begins to melt,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:15.58,0:46:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right across the dome.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:17.88,0:46:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, last year in this place \Nwhere we actually flew into, Kangerlussuaq,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:24.06,0:46:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is what the river looked like there.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:46:26.21,0:46:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was overflowing,\Nthis bridge was washing out,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:28.82,0:46:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,giant machinery was being swept away
Dialogue: 0,0:46:31.06,0:46:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we were seeing melting that was happening\Nover the entire surface of the ice sheet.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:41.83,0:46:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had never seen this kind of water flow\Nthere in that river.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:47.45,0:46:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So. The consequences for the Greenland ice\Ncap are massive.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:53.94,0:46:58.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as it melts, it adds fresh water to the\Nglobal ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:59.64,0:47:01.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and starts to raise the sea level...
Dialogue: 0,0:47:02.91,0:47:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it goes quickly then we can expect\N2, 3, 5, 7 meters of sea level change...
Dialogue: 0,0:47:11.51,0:47:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right across the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:13.56,0:47:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to happen, on a decadal basis.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:16.10,0:47:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,i.e., within 10 to 20 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:19.58,0:47:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That would be catastrophic for civilization,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:24.27,0:47:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of whose urban centers would be below\Nsea level, in the new situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:31.41,0:47:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, the Greenland ice sheet is de-glaciating.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:35.03,0:47:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's retreating...
Dialogue: 0,0:47:36.96,0:47:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's retreat is dynamic.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:39.85,0:47:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's drawing down the interior of the ice\Nsheet, faster than the models assume at present.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:47.82,0:47:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And hence, the ice sheet and it's interior\Nis accelerating,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:51.84,0:47:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the melt of the margin is enhanced,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:55.20,0:48:01.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think that means that this ice\Nsheet is ... actively de-glaciating.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:01.70,0:48:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's... a pretty serious problem, \Nfor sea level rise.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:09.49,0:48:11.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's move on now to the fourth consequence.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:11.97,0:48:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is the impact on the tundra.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:16.72,0:48:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those land masses,\Nthat border onto the Artic ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:22.05,0:48:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now have a warmer, open sea coast,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:26.97,0:48:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the warmer air and the warmer temperatures\Nare being fedback over the land mass.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:32.100,0:48:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course what that does is increase the\Nrate of melting of the tundra permafrost,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:38.80,0:48:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we get this depth of permafrost melt,\Nwhich we call the cast,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:44.34,0:48:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,increases year on year.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:47.70,0:48:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That also has consequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:51.58,0:48:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, there's a lot of biological\Nmaterial in the deep freeze of the tundra,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:58.52,0:49:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as that thaws out, it begins to decay,\Nthe microbes have a field day
Dialogue: 0,0:49:03.31,0:49:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and out comes more carbon dioxide\Nand more methane from the rotting vegetation.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:09.66,0:49:12.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, methane is being released into the atmosphere...
Dialogue: 0,0:49:12.69,0:49:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only from the ocean floor, but also, as\NI said, from the melting of the tundra.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:19.69,0:49:22.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the more methane there is in the atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:22.47,0:49:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as this next slide shows,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:24.93,0:49:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the greater the greenhouse effect, \Nand methane is a very powerful greenhouse gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:29.28,0:49:31.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the permafrost thaws,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:32.22,0:49:36.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the organic matter in the permafrost thaws as well\Nand begins to decay.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:36.92,0:49:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The microorganisms start to eat it.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:39.38,0:49:43.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there's no oxygen,\Nthe microorganisms make methane.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:43.53,0:49:49.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there's oxygen,\Nthe microorganisms make carbon dioxide.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:50.87,0:49:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ahh, permafrost.\NRight here.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:54.57,0:49:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Frozen dirt.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:57.56,0:50:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found, as far as\Nthe organic matter coming out of this hill slope,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:01.59,0:50:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it's much more bio-available,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:03.86,0:50:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning it's yummier for the microbes that\Nare decomposing it,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:08.80,0:50:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than carbon, or organic matter\Nnear the surface today.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:12.94,0:50:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that has climate implications.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:14.90,0:50:17.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because that means that this organic matter\Nis processed quicker,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:17.97,0:50:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's return to the atmosphere is\Ncarbon dioxide and methane,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:21.23,0:50:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can feed back on climate that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:24.06,0:50:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sites like this where the permafrost is releasing\Norganic matter act as accelerators.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:29.46,0:50:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They speed up the process of human caused\Nclimate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:32.92,0:50:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's uh, it's a large amplification of\Nwhat we're doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:36.08,0:50:38.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It feeds back on to our impact.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:38.09,0:50:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's important to realize that the scale and\Nrate of change that we're talking about now
Dialogue: 0,0:50:42.34,0:50:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is several degrees, two to five degrees in\Njust a hundred years.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:46.36,0:50:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is much faster than has happened in\Nthe last 50 million years.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:50.65,0:50:55.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're talking about unprecedented climate change \Nand a very rapid abrupt response
Dialogue: 0,0:50:55.21,0:50:57.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from this eco-system.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:57.67,0:51:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There have been changes in the Arctic, in\Nthe permafrost,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:01.38,0:51:03.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of the temperature overtime,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:03.63,0:51:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only in the shallow layers near the surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:07.06,0:51:09.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but at 10, 20 and 50 meter depths.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:09.83,0:51:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're seeing changes that are even more rapid.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:12.70,0:51:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That indicates that not only is there heating\Nnear the surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:14.93,0:51:19.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that this heat \Nis being transported to depth, very efficiently.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:21.95,0:51:26.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The permafrost stores methane.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:26.19,0:51:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Richard was talking about, \Nit's currently melting.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:29.37,0:51:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's warmer up there. It's like, 5 degrees warmer\Nup in the Arctic than it is...
Dialogue: 0,0:51:33.10,0:51:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The average temperature of the world\Nis only up a degree
Dialogue: 0,0:51:35.12,0:51:37.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the Arctic it's up five degrees.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:37.41,0:51:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's releasing 50 million tons per year,\Nwhich is a billion tons of CO2.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:44.52,0:51:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's obviously rising.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:46.43,0:51:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it all went, we'd basically all be dead.\NI mean.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:49.69,0:51:52.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, it's happening now.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:52.59,0:51:55.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the problem here is it's accelerating.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:55.03,0:51:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once it starts generating, through this process\Nor any of the other ones I talk about,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:59.73,0:52:04.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once those processes \Ngenerate more CO2 than we do,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:04.15,0:52:08.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it won't matter if we stopped completely,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:08.63,0:52:10.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's gonna keep going.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:10.09,0:52:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are positive feedback loops.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:12.02,0:52:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by the way, it's not in the models.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:24.09,0:52:31.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fifth implication of the Arctic dynamics\Nconcerns the feedback of the methane release.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:32.22,0:52:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is probably one of the most important\Nissues that we have to examine.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:37.16,0:52:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will be in danger of destabilizing these\Nthings called methane hydrates
Dialogue: 0,0:52:40.48,0:52:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which store a lot of methane\Non the bottom of the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:43.74,0:52:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a kind of frozen form,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:46.40,0:52:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 000 billion tons of this stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:48.10,0:52:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they are known to be destabilized by warming.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:51.56,0:52:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This chunk of ice may look pretty unremarkable\Nat first glance,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:55.42,0:52:59.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but put a match to it \Nand something amazing happens...
Dialogue: 0,0:52:59.58,0:53:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As reported in this month's issue of the Atlantic,\Nit's called methane hydrate,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:03.19,0:53:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's actually not unusual at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:05.39,0:53:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, there are more than one-hundred thousand\Ntrillion cubic feet of it on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:10.66,0:53:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Volume wise, that's like the size of the Mediterranean\Nsea.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:13.58,0:53:19.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it has a greater energy capacity than\Nall the coal, oil and natural gas on Earth combined.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:19.73,0:53:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And well methane burns clean.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:22.31,0:53:24.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unburned methane is\Na potent greenhouse gas,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:53:24.59,0:53:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if it leaks,\Nit can be devastating to the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:27.19,0:53:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The USGS is confident leakage won't be a problem,\Nas long as proper precautions are taken.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:32.18,0:53:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are potential irreversible effects of\Nmelting the sea ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:36.99,0:53:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it begins to allow the Arctic ocean to\Nwarm up and warm the ocean floor,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:45.91,0:53:49.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then, we'll begin to release methane hydrate.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:49.37,0:53:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About 80 years ago, we switched to studying\Nthe East Siberian Arctic shelf.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:56.03,0:54:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually, we've been studying it for\Nthe last 80 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:00.91,0:54:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Continuously, year by year by year.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:03.61,0:54:08.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Conducting one or two expeditions a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:08.97,0:54:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That hydrocarbons are produced within the\Nsedimentary drape, was sealed
Dialogue: 0,0:54:17.12,0:54:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and prevented the methane escape into the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:20.82,0:54:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is why we're telling that this should\Nbe the largest hydrocarbon stock in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:27.97,0:54:28.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over there...
Dialogue: 0,0:54:28.95,0:54:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a potential risk that, \Nif warming continues,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:33.27,0:54:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the larger and, maybe, great and massive\Namount of methane
Dialogue: 0,0:54:37.20,0:54:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be released\Nfrom this Arctic shelf.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:39.85,0:54:41.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course there is a potential risk.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:41.79,0:54:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in terms of potential risk, I would say\Nthat this Siberian Arctic shelf has the most potential.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:48.78,0:54:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, as I said, the carbon pool is huge\Nand the wall of the shell is very shallow
Dialogue: 0,0:54:54.53,0:55:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the warming occurs stronger than in different\Nareas of the worlds ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:01.16,0:55:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course it is a potential risk.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:04.78,0:55:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the methane in the atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:07.85,0:55:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the amount, the total amount of methane in\Nthe atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:11.74,0:55:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the current atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:13.50,0:55:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's about five Gigatonnes.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:16.37,0:55:22.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The amount of carbon preserved in the form\Nof methane in this East Siberian Arctic shelf,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:22.55,0:55:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is approximately...
Dialogue: 0,0:55:24.51,0:55:27.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from hundreds to thousands of Gigatonnes.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:27.61,0:55:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course it's only one percent of that\Namount is required
Dialogue: 0,0:55:32.88,0:55:36.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to double the atmosphere burden of methane.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:36.41,0:55:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to destabilize one percent of this\Ncarbon pool,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:40.50,0:55:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's not much effort needed,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:44.87,0:55:51.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,considering that the state of permafrost\Nand the amount of methane currently involved.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:51.39,0:55:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because what divides this methane from the\Natmosphere is a very shallow water column,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:58.92,0:56:01.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a weakening permafrost,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:01.39,0:56:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is losing it's ability to seal,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:03.76,0:56:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to serve as a seal.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:06.11,0:56:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is, I think it's a matter of...
Dialogue: 0,0:56:10.60,0:56:14.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not a matter of thousands of years,\Nit's a matter of decades, I think.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:14.89,0:56:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe, at most, hundred years but\NI think,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:19.30,0:56:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,matter of decades.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:21.71,0:56:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(It could happen any day)
Dialogue: 0,0:56:25.21,0:56:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It might potentially happen because,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:32.76,0:56:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would list many factors that might, that are very convenient .. convincing for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:40.92,0:56:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that might happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:45.71,0:56:48.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not anytime.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:48.75,0:56:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anytime sounds like it might happen today.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:51.89,0:56:53.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It might happen tomorrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:53.71,0:56:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The day after tomorrow.\N(It might!)
Dialogue: 0,0:56:56.49,0:56:58.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You think so?
Dialogue: 0,0:57:01.76,0:57:08.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Igor is very convinced person \Nbecause he spend a lot of time over there.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:08.74,0:57:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And where the ice should be about two meters\Nthick, it was 40 centimeters thick...
Dialogue: 0,0:57:17.09,0:57:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means that the processes...
Dialogue: 0,0:57:20.30,0:57:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the processes that serves the stabilization\Nof everything...
Dialogue: 0,0:57:25.73,0:57:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the sea ice, of the water column,\Nof the currents increasing,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:32.04,0:57:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(the currents, I mean the movement of water\Nbeneath the sea ice increased).
Dialogue: 0,0:57:36.50,0:57:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So everything, everything looks anomalous.\NEven from our experience from this ten years,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:43.40,0:57:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything looks anomalous.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:45.34,0:57:51.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is what makes him thinking that...
Dialogue: 0,0:57:51.07,0:57:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making him think that the worst thing might\Nhappen...
Dialogue: 0,0:58:08.01,0:58:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shortly speaking, we do not like what we see\Nthere,
Dialogue: 0,0:58:11.92,0:58:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,absolutely do not like.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:14.66,0:58:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh, look at this.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:17.01,0:58:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a matter of days...\Njust days,
Dialogue: 0,0:58:21.20,0:58:25.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're having this huge, this huge area...
Dialogue: 0,0:58:25.27,0:58:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look at this....
Dialogue: 0,0:58:27.66,0:58:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going almost exploding with methane.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:32.63,0:58:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only way this is possible is by melting\Nof methane clathrate.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:39.31,0:58:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It´s just the only explanation
Dialogue: 0,0:59:24.26,0:59:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hi, uhm... how long do you think we have\Nbefore it becomes
Dialogue: 0,0:59:27.47,0:59:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,socially and otherwise \Nunacceptable to emit carbon.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:30.94,0:59:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, I mean, how radically do you think we\Nneed to act consensually?
Dialogue: 0,0:59:34.29,0:59:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right, well I mean...
Dialogue: 0,0:59:36.84,0:59:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think, it's, the more we act, the better\Nthings will be for future generations.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:43.55,0:59:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't, yeah, I mean there's all sorts of\Nestimates.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:47.92,0:59:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And um...
Dialogue: 0,0:59:49.14,0:59:54.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, if we do a huge amount within the\Nnext ten years,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:54.68,0:59:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will still face quite an uncomfortable\Nfuture,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:57.80,1:00:01.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the less we do, the worse it will get.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:01.21,1:00:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much of it we can prevent,\Ndepends on how bold we are,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:04.88,1:00:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much we're prepared to do, and that in\Nturn is going to depend on changing social opinions.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:13.36,1:00:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are the implications of all this,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:16.09,1:00:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for global dynamic behavior,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:18.32,1:00:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both in climate, and indeed, \Nfor humanity as a civilization,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:23.41,1:00:27.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the biosphere of which we are a part?
Dialogue: 0,1:00:28.76,1:00:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well obviously, the Arctic is connected to\Nthe rest of the world, it is part of the world,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:34.14,1:00:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what happens in the Arctic inevitably\Nhas implications and consequences and spin-off
Dialogue: 0,1:00:40.72,1:00:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the rest of the planet.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:43.32,1:00:49.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Socially, we know we will be beginning to\Nremove some of the aerosols,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:49.93,1:00:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these particulates in the atmosphere that,\Nat the moment,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:52.69,1:00:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are reflecting much of the solar energy\Nback into space.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:57.37,1:01:04.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also know that much energy is being taken\Nup by heating of the deeper ocean, at the moment.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:05.57,1:01:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, as the effects of carbon dioxide,\Nand the other greenhouse gases
Dialogue: 0,1:01:09.53,1:01:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the global behavior as a whole, \Nbegin to come back on stream,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:15.68,1:01:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, global temperatures will begin to respond\Nmuch as Arctic temperatures did.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:23.16,1:01:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Co2 begins to increase temperature,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:26.83,1:01:29.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,increased temperature drives water vapor feedback,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:29.91,1:01:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,water vapor feedback accelerates heating....
Dialogue: 0,1:01:33.87,1:01:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we begin to get hotter conditions\Nfor some of the tropical forests,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:38.76,1:01:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we get burn and dieback\Nand increased release of carbon dioxide
Dialogue: 0,1:01:44.16,1:01:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the bio-mass of the planet.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:47.62,1:01:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a different set of feedbacks from that\Noperating in the high Arctic,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:52.76,1:01:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it is nonetheless potent.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:56.32,1:02:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as in the Arctic, so tomorrow, in the\Nworld, as a whole.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:03.62,1:02:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if the implications of jet-stream behavior\Nand food production and Arctic dynamics spin-off
Dialogue: 0,1:02:11.99,1:02:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into our survival as a species, into our economics,\Ninto our food production,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:18.21,1:02:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the abandonment of the poor,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:22.09,1:02:29.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the inability to sustain a population\Nof eight, nine, ten billion people,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:30.42,1:02:32.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, also...
Dialogue: 0,1:02:32.27,1:02:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The increasing acceleration of global behavior...
Dialogue: 0,1:02:36.64,1:02:39.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which will inevitably follow...
Dialogue: 0,1:02:39.79,1:02:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless we are able to intervene,\Nto slow it down...
Dialogue: 0,1:02:45.90,1:02:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bring it to a halt...\Nand reverse it,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:50.21,1:02:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then, without that intervention...
Dialogue: 0,1:02:53.05,1:02:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,global dynamics hold a dark future for humanity...
Dialogue: 0,1:02:59.48,1:03:04.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a dark future for the biosphere of which we\Nare a part.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:04.87,1:03:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is time to take action...
Dialogue: 0,1:03:07.84,1:03:11.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only for the Arctic...
Dialogue: 0,1:03:11.53,1:03:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for the global crisis in which we are\Nall placed.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:16.75,1:03:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's not agreement on how much we need\Nto do, how fast.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:21.53,1:03:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To be honest, I don't think there needs to\Nbe, because the one thing I am certain of is
Dialogue: 0,1:03:25.53,1:03:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we will not do as much as the scientists\Nsay we need to do.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:31.78,1:03:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why I've never sort of looked that\Nclosely at that particular question because,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:36.75,1:03:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the scientists say we need to do\Nis over here...
Dialogue: 0,1:03:40.18,1:03:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we're currently doing is way over here....
Dialogue: 0,1:03:44.10,1:03:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what various global agreements have tried\Nto get us to do, and often failed,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:48.76,1:03:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is somewhere over here...
Dialogue: 0,1:03:50.58,1:03:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the gulf is so enormous...
Dialogue: 0,1:03:52.82,1:03:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that um, I yeah, I mean, it's a perfectly\Nfair question....
Dialogue: 0,1:03:57.53,1:04:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for that reason I've never really looked\Nat it in much detail.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:01.96,1:04:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I do believe that \Nthe more people believe this...
Dialogue: 0,1:04:06.16,1:04:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the more likely they are to act, so I\Nsuspect that there's...
Dialogue: 0,1:04:10.62,1:04:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also denial can operate on many levels...
Dialogue: 0,1:04:13.30,1:04:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can sort of believe something factually,\Nbut not believe it deep down in your heart,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:20.33,1:04:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so, if you say: \N"Oh, yes, I accept climate change",
Dialogue: 0,1:04:23.15,1:04:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, but you just won't allow yourself,\Non an emotional leve,l to think about
Dialogue: 0,1:04:28.41,1:04:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is gonna happen \Nto the planet in the future,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:31.58,1:04:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can sort of separate\Nyour everyday life
Dialogue: 0,1:04:34.26,1:04:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from what you believe, \Nin the more academic side of your mind.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:38.83,1:04:42.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I think that uh...\Nin many ways,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:42.09,1:04:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changing social opinion is the\Nmost important thing we can do at present...
Dialogue: 0,1:04:47.18,1:04:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deal with this problem, because then...
Dialogue: 0,1:04:49.87,1:04:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people might start moving towards what the\Nscientists are saying we need to do.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:57.05,1:05:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've got a lot of work to do \Nand not much time to do it.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:00.27,1:05:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um, as I Iook at the world,\Nwhich is sort of where I start.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:04.19,1:05:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um...
Dialogue: 0,1:05:06.63,1:05:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've gotta cut carbon emissions fast.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:09.75,1:05:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then it becomes clear, we need to cut carbon\Nemissions 80%, not by 2050, but by 2020.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:16.42,1:05:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For decades now, we environmentalists have\Nbeen talking about the need to save the planet.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:22.73,1:05:27.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as I think about it, the planet's gonna\Nbe around for a long time to come...
Dialogue: 0,1:05:27.57,1:05:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we need to save now is civilization itself...
Dialogue: 0,1:05:31.78,1:05:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is, this is what's at stake...
Dialogue: 0,1:05:36.15,1:05:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Coming up here today, I have no hidden agenda.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:39.50,1:05:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am fighting for my future.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:42.34,1:05:46.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am here to speak for all generations to\Ncome.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:46.69,1:05:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am here to speak on behalf of the starving\Nchildren around the world whose cries go unheard.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:54.30,1:05:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am here to speak for the countless animals,\Ndying across this planet,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:58.50,1:06:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they have no where left to go...
Dialogue: 0,1:06:02.69,1:06:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now we hear of animals and plants going\Nextinct, everyday, vanishing forever...
Dialogue: 0,1:06:09.46,1:06:16.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All this is happening before our eyes and\Nyet we act as if we have all the time we want
Dialogue: 0,1:06:16.31,1:06:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all the solutions.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:18.72,1:06:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't know how to fix the holes in our\Nozone layer.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:22.66,1:06:27.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't know how to bring the salmon back\Nup in a dead stream...
Dialogue: 0,1:06:27.07,1:06:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't know how to bring back an animal\Nnow extinct.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:30.67,1:06:37.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can't bring back the forest that once\Ngrew where there is now a desert...
Dialogue: 0,1:06:37.39,1:06:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you don't know how to fix it,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:39.49,1:06:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,please... stop breaking it.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:43.28,1:06:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm only a child yet I know\Nwe are all in this together,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:46.56,1:06:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and should act as one single world\Ntowards one single goal.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:51.27,1:06:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If a child on the streets who has nothing\Nis willing to share
Dialogue: 0,1:06:57.89,1:07:02.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then why are we who have everything still so greedy?
Dialogue: 0,1:07:03.09,1:07:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am only a child yet I know\Nif all the money spent on war
Dialogue: 0,1:07:08.42,1:07:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was spent on finding environmental answers, \Nending poverty and finding treaties,\N
Dialogue: 0,1:07:14.06,1:07:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what a wonderful place this earth would be.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:17.61,1:07:21.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At school, even in Kindergarten,
Dialogue: 0,1:07:21.49,1:07:25.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you teach us how to behave in the world.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:25.23,1:07:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You teach us, not to fight with others...\Nto work things out,
Dialogue: 0,1:07:31.41,1:07:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to respect others,
Dialogue: 0,1:07:33.26,1:07:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to clean up our mess,
Dialogue: 0,1:07:34.92,1:07:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not to hurt other creatures,
Dialogue: 0,1:07:37.43,1:07:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to share,\Nnot be greedy.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:40.13,1:07:46.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then why do you go out and do the things you\Ntell us not to do?
Dialogue: 0,1:07:46.14,1:07:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You are deciding what kind of a world we are\Ngrowing up in.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:49.97,1:07:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Parent's should be able to comfort their children\Nby saying
Dialogue: 0,1:07:53.59,1:07:57.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Everything's going to be alright, it's not\Nthe end of the world,
Dialogue: 0,1:07:57.86,1:08:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're doing \Nthe best that we can..."
Dialogue: 0,1:08:00.94,1:08:04.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I don't think you can say that to us anymore...
Dialogue: 0,1:08:04.71,1:08:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are we even on your list of priorities?
Dialogue: 0,1:08:08.58,1:08:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My dad always says
Dialogue: 0,1:08:09.85,1:08:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You are what you do, not what you say."
Dialogue: 0,1:08:14.10,1:08:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what you do makes me cry at night.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:18.96,1:08:21.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You grown-ups say you love us.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:21.41,1:08:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I challenge you, please,\Nmake your actions reflect your words.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:26.52,1:08:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.