[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.94,0:00:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(John F. Kennedy) Many years ago, Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.51,0:00:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the great British explorer George Mallory, Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.24,0:00:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was to die on Mount Everest, Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.73,0:00:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was asked why did he want to climb it. Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.28,0:00:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "Because it is there." Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.26,0:00:14.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video ends) Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.12,0:00:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in 1962, Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.26,0:00:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then-President Kennedy announced\Nat Rice University in Texas Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.53,0:00:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the goal of sending humans to the Moon Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.23,0:00:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and returning them safely to Earth\Nwithin that decade. Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.48,0:00:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of course, we sort of take it\Nas a given that the President said it, Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.50,0:00:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it became a national initiative,\Nvast amounts of money were spent. Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.04,0:00:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, in fact, one of the things\Nthat had to happen Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.49,0:00:47.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a large number \Nof policymakers and taxpayers Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.40,0:00:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all had to be persuaded \Nthat this was a good idea. Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.84,0:00:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, in August of 1963, Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.95,0:00:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 11 months after Kennedy\Nmade his historic speech in Texas, Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.96,0:01:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two NASA scientists Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.34,0:01:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the name of Newell and Jastrow Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.23,0:01:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wrote a little booklet\Nwhich was distributed very widely Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.66,0:01:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among policymakers and to anyone\Nin the public who was interested, Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.41,0:01:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and basically posed the question: Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.66,0:01:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why should we land on the Moon? Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.84,0:01:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why was this worth \Na vast amount of money? Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.01,0:01:28.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there were three\Nprincipal lines of argument Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.30,0:01:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are discussed in this little booklet. Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.59,0:01:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One, of course, has to do\Nwith the national interest, Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.07,0:01:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,national security, national prestige. Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.19,0:01:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were in the midst of the Cold War, Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.65,0:01:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the space race with the Soviet Union Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.78,0:01:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was at that moment,\Nin 1962 and then in 1963, Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.98,0:01:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still being lost. Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.56,0:01:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Soviet Union had been\Nthe first to space with a satellite. Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.86,0:02:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had been the first to space\Nwith an animal, a living animal, a dog. Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.59,0:02:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had been the first to space\Nwith an astronaut, Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.88,0:02:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the administration\Nwas looking for an initiative Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.32,0:02:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was something that the US\Ncould win in the space race Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.71,0:02:20.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that would demonstrate\Nthat the US socio-economic system Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.53,0:02:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was competitive\Nand was superior to communism. Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.90,0:02:29.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, first and foremost,\Nnational interest, national prestige, Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.45,0:02:32.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,demonstrating that the US\Nwas a superior system. Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.59,0:02:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, as Kennedy\Nmentioned in his speech, Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.68,0:02:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we do these things \Nnot because they are easy Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.88,0:02:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because they are hard. Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.09,0:02:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the pursuit of the space race\Nand the pursuit of the Apollo program Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.88,0:02:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would lead to tremendous\Ntechnical innovation Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.71,0:02:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in aerospace technologies and computing\Nand materials and all these technologies Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.96,0:02:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were of great value\Nboth in the Cold War Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.92,0:03:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for the future of the United States. Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.84,0:03:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And lastly, for science. Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.84,0:03:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because there was at that time\Nstill a big question Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.22,0:03:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how was the Moon formed, Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.08,0:03:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is the relationship\Nbetween the Moon and the Earth, Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.78,0:03:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what was the earliest origins\Nof our solar system, Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.42,0:03:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how did the Earth and the Moon\Nget affected by the impacts Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.95,0:03:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that came from deep space? Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.30,0:03:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of those things were unknown. Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.97,0:03:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, all of those questions\Nwere addressed Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.21,0:03:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of those technologies\Nwere developed. Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.55,0:03:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The space race was won;\Nmissions took place. Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.18,0:03:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why are we talking now\Nabout going back to the Moon? Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.06,0:03:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are really\Nthree principal reasons again. Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.04,0:03:49.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First and foremost,\Nthere's been a fundamental change Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.85,0:03:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our understanding of the Moon\Nin the last 10 or 15 years, Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.31,0:03:55.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on the discovery Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.91,0:03:59.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there is, in fact, \Nvast amounts of water Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.49,0:04:03.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the form of ices and hydrated minerals\Nat the north and south pole of the Moon. Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.73,0:04:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things\Nwe learned from Apollo Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.62,0:04:07.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that the Moon was bone dry Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.47,0:04:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and always would be\Nand always had been. Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.92,0:04:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was no water,\Nno hydrogen, no oxygen, Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.48,0:04:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no way to make life support materials,\Nno way to make rocket fuels, and so on. Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.87,0:04:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Turned out none of that was true, Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.84,0:04:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there is, in fact,\Na vast amount of water Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.93,0:04:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the poles of the Moon, where it's cold. Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.69,0:04:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second big change. Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.76,0:04:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now, there is a revolution going on Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.85,0:04:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in space launch systems technology, Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.58,0:04:39.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,driven in large measure by two firms:\NSpaceX and Blue Origin, Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.27,0:04:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both of which are developing new launchers Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.94,0:04:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which will deliver payloads to space, Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.40,0:04:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore to the Moon, Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.24,0:04:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a 90% cost reduction, Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.80,0:04:53.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the costs of getting into space\Nand getting to the Moon, Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.41,0:04:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to the glory days\Nof Apollo and the space shuttle. Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.51,0:05:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That changes everything. Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.45,0:05:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And lastly - and I use these metaphors - Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.56,0:05:09.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lastly, there has been \Ntremendous advances Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.33,0:05:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a wide range\Nof technologies here on Earth, Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.80,0:05:17.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which allow large numbers of 3D printed, Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.90,0:05:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technically modular, Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.73,0:05:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rapidly reconfigurable intelligent systems Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.91,0:05:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be mass-produced all over the world. Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.39,0:05:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have ever seen a little CubeSat, Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.65,0:05:33.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or you have seen ... Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.47,0:05:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you have one of these things\Nin your pocket, Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.25,0:05:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you are enjoying -\Nit's a mobile phone - Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.36,0:05:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are enjoying the benefits\Nof mass-produced Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.63,0:05:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,modular digitally reconfigurable systems. Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.44,0:05:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This changes how we return to the Moon Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.79,0:05:50.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what we can do there\Nand at what price. Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.48,0:05:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a consequence of water on the Moon, Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.30,0:05:58.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new launch systems,\Nlower prices, new technologies, Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.66,0:06:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a vast number of countries and companies Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.58,0:06:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are now all planning to go to the Moon. Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.35,0:06:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, one reason\Nnow is the time to go to the Moon Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.67,0:06:11.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because everybody else is also going. Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.11,0:06:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they are going Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.81,0:06:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the purposes of exploring,\Nfinding those resources, Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.92,0:06:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,developing those resources and using them, Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.83,0:06:26.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only for basically\Nthe operations on the Moon, Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.89,0:06:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is kind of a selfie\Nif you're eating watermelon - Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.46,0:06:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we go to the Moon to get resources\Nto operate on the Moon - Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.22,0:06:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not really useful. Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.32,0:06:38.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, in addition, finding materials\Non the Moon like water ice, Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.33,0:06:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using the other resources of the Moon Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.38,0:06:46.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,silicon, aluminum, iron, and so on\Nto manufacture things, Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.28,0:06:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,print things, 3D printing on the Moon, Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.40,0:06:53.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,affordably will allow us\Nto basically use the Moon Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.17,0:06:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a stepping-stone\Nto the rest of the solar system, Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.49,0:06:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to introduce lunar resources Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.18,0:07:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the form of manufactured things Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.88,0:07:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a larger near-Earth economy, Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.91,0:07:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the delivery of energy, Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.90,0:07:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solar energy harvested in space\Nto the markets on Earth Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.13,0:07:13.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in tremendous quantities Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.93,0:07:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in completely carbon neutral fashion Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.66,0:07:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the coming decades. Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.99,0:07:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moreover, we go back to the Moon Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.11,0:07:24.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it is a tremendous test bed\Nfor new technologies, Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.31,0:07:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a research and development lab. Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.32,0:07:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can use it as shown\Nin the lower right image Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.47,0:07:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a test bed for going back to Mars. Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.06,0:07:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a tremendous R&D lab Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.81,0:07:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's going\Nto be cheaper to get there Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.90,0:07:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we'll have the resources\Nto be there in a sustainable fashion. Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.05,0:07:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And operations in near-Earth space\Non orbital platforms Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.86,0:07:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will basically open \Nthe gateway - pun intended - Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.02,0:07:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a current NASA program on this level Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.33,0:07:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the rest of the solar system. Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.56,0:07:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just going in and being on the Moon Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.48,0:07:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not the same as being able\Nto go anywhere in the solar system. Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.60,0:08:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That becomes possible. Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.26,0:08:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, lastly, we go back to the Moon Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.40,0:08:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it is a tremendous platform Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.56,0:08:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for doing astronomy\Nand for observing our universe Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.04,0:08:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in ways that we cannot achieve\Nhere on Earth. Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.37,0:08:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, finally, we go back\Nto the Moon to stay. Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.05,0:08:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no better place\Nin our solar system Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.30,0:08:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we might consider the creation\Nof a sustainable Earth-like habitat Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.98,0:08:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than at the north\Nand the south pole of the Moon Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.69,0:08:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we have basically\Nthe same amount of energy, Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.03,0:08:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have the same kind of minerals. Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.65,0:08:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have some shortcomings. Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.94,0:08:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the discovery of water\Nfundamentally changes the opportunity Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.22,0:08:45.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for human settlement of the Moon. Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.09,0:08:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, ultimately, we do all these things Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.15,0:08:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not individually, not in a race, Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.27,0:08:58.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we do them because we have\Nthe opportunity to do them together. Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.13,0:09:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have the opportunity \Nto do all of these things, Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.65,0:09:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,development of the Moon's resources, \Ndelivery of energy for Earth, Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.56,0:09:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sustainable settlements in space\Nin the form of a village as a metaphor - Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.95,0:09:16.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not in a race but rather\Ndoing these things altogether. Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.26,0:09:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that many of the students \Nhere at Laguna Blanca Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.90,0:09:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be part of these programs\Nin these efforts over the coming years. Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.12,0:09:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much. Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.58,0:09:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)