[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.04,0:00:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, so to start,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.66,0:00:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to imagine two couples\Nin the middle of 1979
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.34,0:00:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the exact same day,\Nat the exact same moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.64,0:00:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each conceiving a baby, OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.94,0:00:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So two couples each conceiving one baby.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.22,0:00:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I don't want you to spend too\Nmuch time imagining the conception,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.51,0:00:32.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if you do,\Nyou're not going to listen to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.39,0:00:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so just imagine that for a moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.23,0:00:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in this scenario,\NI want to imagine that, in one case,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.42,0:00:40.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sperm is carrying a Y chromosome,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.62,0:00:42.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meeting that X chromosome of the egg.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.67,0:00:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the other case,\Nthe sperm is carrying an X chromosome,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.87,0:00:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meeting the X chromosome of the egg.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.16,0:00:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both are viable; both take off.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.75,0:00:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll come back to these people later.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.82,0:00:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I wear two hats in most of what I do.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.90,0:01:00.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I also sometimes wear\Nmetaphorical scarves,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.48,0:01:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and great shoes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.58,0:01:04.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in this case I want to tell you\Nabout the two hats I wear.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.57,0:01:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the one hat, I do history of anatomy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.80,0:01:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a historian by training,\Nand what I study in that case
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.70,0:01:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the way that people\Nhave dealt with anatomy...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.91,0:01:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meaning human bodies, animal bodies...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.56,0:01:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How they dealt with bodily fluids,\Nconcepts of bodies;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.30,0:01:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how have they thought about bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.03,0:01:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other hat that I've worn\Nin my work is as an activist,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.01,0:01:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a patient advocate...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.89,0:01:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, as I sometimes say,\Nas an impatient advocate...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.30,0:01:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For people who are patients of doctors.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.56,0:01:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that case, what I've worked with\Nis people who have body types
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.30,0:01:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that challenge social norms.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.24,0:01:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So some of what\NI've worked on, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.42,0:01:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is people who are conjoined twins...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.49,0:01:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two people within one body.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.54,0:01:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of what I've worked on\Nis people who have dwarfism...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.28,0:01:50.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So people who are much\Nshorter than typical.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.59,0:01:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a lot of what I've worked on\Nis people who have atypical sex...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.64,0:01:58.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So people who don't have the standard male\Nor the standard female body types.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.69,0:02:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as a general term,\Nwe can use the term "intersex" for this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.30,0:02:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Intersex comes\Nin a lot of different forms.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.86,0:02:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll just give you a few examples\Nof the types of ways you can have sex
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.30,0:02:10.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that isn't standard for male or female.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.66,0:02:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in one instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.30,0:02:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can have somebody\Nwho has an XY chromosomal basis,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.76,0:02:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that SRY gene on the Y chromosome
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.30,0:02:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tells the proto-gonads,\Nwhich we all have in the fetal life,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.73,0:02:22.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to become testes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.94,0:02:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the fetal life,\Nthose testes are pumping out testosterone.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.98,0:02:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But because this individual\Nlacks receptors to hear that testosterone,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.19,0:02:34.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the body doesn't react\Nto the testosterone.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.29,0:02:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a syndrome called\Nandrogen insensitivity syndrome.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.89,0:02:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So lots of levels of testosterone,\Nbut no reaction to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.78,0:02:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a consequence, the body develops\Nmore along the female typical path.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.00,0:02:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the child is born,\Nshe looks like a girl.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.31,0:02:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She is a girl, she is raised as a girl.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.43,0:02:54.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's often not until she hits puberty\Nand she's growing and developing breasts,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.100,0:02:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she's not getting her period,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.60,0:02:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that somebody figures\Nout something's up here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.79,0:03:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they do some tests and figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.58,0:03:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, instead of having\Novaries inside and a uterus,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.08,0:03:05.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she has testes inside,\Nand she has a Y chromosome.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.55,0:03:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what's important to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.27,0:03:09.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is you may think of this\Nperson as really being male,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.78,0:03:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're really not.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.03,0:03:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Females, like males,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.12,0:03:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have in our bodies something\Ncalled the adrenal glands.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.80,0:03:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're in the back of our body.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.38,0:03:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the adrenal glands make androgens,\Nwhich are a masculinizing hormone.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.83,0:03:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most females like me...\NI believe myself to be a typical female...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.96,0:03:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't actually know\Nmy chromosomal make-up,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.14,0:03:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think I'm probably typical...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.85,0:03:30.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most females like me\Nare actually androgen-sensitive.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.36,0:03:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're making androgen,\Nand we're responding to androgens.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.40,0:03:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The consequence is that somebody like me
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.52,0:03:38.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has actually had a brain\Nexposed to more androgens
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.56,0:03:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the woman born with testes\Nwho has androgen insensitivity syndrome.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.96,0:03:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So sex is really complicated...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.51,0:03:45.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not just that intersex people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.18,0:03:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are in the middle\Nof all the sex spectrum...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.28,0:03:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some ways,\Nthey can be all over the place.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.40,0:03:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another example:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.58,0:03:53.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few years ago I got a call\Nfrom a man who was 19 years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.51,0:03:55.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was born a boy, raised a boy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.40,0:03:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a girlfriend,\Nhad sex with his girlfriend,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.01,0:03:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a life as a guy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.70,0:04:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had just found out\Nthat he had ovaries and a uterus inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.33,0:04:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What he had was an extreme form
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.10,0:04:07.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a condition called\Ncongenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.81,0:04:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had XX chromosomes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.76,0:04:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the womb, his adrenal glands\Nwere in such high gear
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.52,0:04:17.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it created, essentially,\Na masculine hormonal environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.16,0:04:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as a consequence,\Nhis genitals were masculinized,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.73,0:04:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his brain was subject to the more typical\Nmasculine component of hormones.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.26,0:04:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was born looking like a boy...\NNobody suspected anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.52,0:04:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was only when he had\Nreached the age of 19
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.26,0:04:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he began to have enough medical\Nproblems from menstruating internally,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.87,0:04:36.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that doctors figured out that, in fact,\Nhe was female, internally.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.73,0:04:40.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so just one more quick example\Nof a way you can have intersex.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.59,0:04:44.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people who have XX chromosomes\Ndevelop what are called ovotestis,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.50,0:04:48.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is when you have ovarian tissue\Nwith testicular tissue wrapped around it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.26,0:04:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're not exactly sure\Nwhy that happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.41,0:04:53.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So sex can come\Nin lots of different varieties.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.06,0:04:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason that children\Nwith these kinds of bodies...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.93,0:05:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether it's dwarfism,\Nor it's conjoined twinning,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.72,0:05:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it's an intersex type...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.07,0:05:05.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are often "normalized" by surgeons
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.47,0:05:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not because it actually leaves them\Nbetter off in terms of physical health.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.54,0:05:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many cases, people are actually\Nperfectly healthy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.14,0:05:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason they're often subject\Nto various kinds of surgeries
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.21,0:05:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because they threaten\Nour social categories.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.05,0:05:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our system has been based\Ntypically on the idea
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.85,0:05:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a particular kind of anatomy\Ncomes with a particular identity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.20,0:05:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have the concept\Nthat what it means to be a woman
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.83,0:05:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to have a female identity;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.44,0:05:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what it means to be a black person\Nis, allegedly, to have an African anatomy
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.70,0:05:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of your history.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.32,0:05:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we have\Nthis terribly simplistic idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.12,0:05:41.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we're faced with a body
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.98,0:05:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually presents us\Nsomething quite different,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.94,0:05:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it startles us in terms\Nof those categorizations.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.75,0:05:51.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have a lot of very romantic ideas\Nin our culture about individualism.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.72,0:05:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And our nation's really founded on\Na very romantic concept of individualism.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.38,0:05:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can imagine how startling then it is
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.61,0:06:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you have children who are born\Nwho are two people inside of one body.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.87,0:06:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where I ran into the most heat\Nfrom this most recently
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.90,0:06:09.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was last year when South African runner,\NCaster Semenya,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.79,0:06:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had her sex called into question\Nat the International Games in Berlin.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.37,0:06:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had a lot of journalists\Ncalling me, asking me,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.22,0:06:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Which is the test they're going to run
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.12,0:06:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will tell us whether or not\NCaster Semenya is male or female?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.60,0:06:24.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I had to explain to the journalists\Nthere isn't such a test.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.92,0:06:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, we now know\Nthat sex is complicated enough
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.79,0:06:30.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have to admit:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.55,0:06:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nature doesn't draw the line\Nfor us between male and female,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.26,0:06:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or between male and intersex\Nand female and intersex;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.20,0:06:39.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actually draw that line on nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.09,0:06:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we have is a sort of situation\Nwhere the farther our science goes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.78,0:06:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more we have to admit to ourselves\Nthat these categories
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.74,0:06:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we thought of as stable\Nanatomical categories,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.45,0:06:54.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that mapped very simply\Nto stable identity categories
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.84,0:06:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are a lot more fuzzy than we thought.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.00,0:06:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's not just in terms of sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.98,0:07:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's also in terms of race,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.60,0:07:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which turns out to be\Nvastly more complicated
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.04,0:07:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than our terminology has allowed.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.16,0:07:08.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we look, we get into all sorts\Nof uncomfortable areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.27,0:07:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We look, for example, about the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.12,0:07:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we share at least 95 percent\Nof our DNA with chimpanzees.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.46,0:07:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are we to make of the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.18,0:07:19.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we differ from them\Nonly, really, by a few nucleotides?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.68,0:07:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as we get farther\Nand farther with our science,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.14,0:07:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we get more and more\Ninto a discomforted zone,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.76,0:07:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we have to acknowledge\Nthat the simplistic categories we've had
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.06,0:07:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are probably overly simplistic.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.16,0:07:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're seeing this\Nin all sorts of places in human life.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.80,0:07:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the places\Nwe're seeing it, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.03,0:07:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our culture,\Nin the United States today,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.06,0:07:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is battles over the beginning\Nof life and the end of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.87,0:07:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have difficult conversations
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.50,0:07:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about at what point we decide\Na body becomes a human,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.66,0:07:49.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such that it has a different\Nright than a fetal life.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.65,0:07:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have very difficult\Nconversations nowadays...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.20,0:07:54.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably not out in the open\Nas much as within medicine...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.97,0:07:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About the question\Nof when somebody's dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.25,0:07:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the past, our ancestors\Nnever had to struggle so much
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.90,0:08:01.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this question\Nof when somebody was dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.02,0:08:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At most, they'd stick\Na feather on somebody's nose,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.44,0:08:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if it twitched,\Nthey didn't bury them yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.61,0:08:08.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it stopped twitching, you bury them.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.49,0:08:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But today, we have a situation
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.95,0:08:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we want to take\Nvital organs out of beings
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.28,0:08:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and give them to other beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.89,0:08:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as a consequence,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.38,0:08:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to struggle\Nwith this really difficult question
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.00,0:08:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about who's dead,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.66,0:08:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this leads us\Nto a really difficult situation
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.03,0:08:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we don't have such simple\Ncategories as we've had before.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.03,0:08:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you might think that all this\Nbreaking-down of categories
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.47,0:08:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would make somebody like me really happy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.48,0:08:33.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a political progressive,\NI defend people with unusual bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.55,0:08:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I have to admit to you\Nthat it makes me nervous.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.01,0:08:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Understanding that these categories
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.73,0:08:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are really much more unstable\Nthan we thought makes me tense.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.84,0:08:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes me tense from the point of view\Nof thinking about democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.72,0:08:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in order to tell you\Nabout that tension,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.90,0:08:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have to first admit to you\Na huge fan of the Founding Fathers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.04,0:08:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know they were racists,\NI know they were sexist,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.67,0:08:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they were great.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.87,0:08:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, they were so brave and so bold\Nand so radical in what they did,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.01,0:09:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I find myself watching that cheesy\Nmusical "1776" every few years,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.50,0:09:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's not because of the music,\Nwhich is totally forgettable.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.53,0:09:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's because of what happened in 1776\Nwith the Founding Fathers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.89,0:09:12.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Founding Fathers were,\Nfor my point of view,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.19,0:09:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the original anatomical activists,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.27,0:09:15.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is why.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.90,0:09:19.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they rejected\Nwas an anatomical concept
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.20,0:09:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and replaced it with another one
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.76,0:09:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was radical and beautiful\Nand held us for 200 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.41,0:09:26.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as you all recall,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.15,0:09:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what our Founding Fathers were\Nrejecting was a concept of monarchy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.58,0:09:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the monarchy was basically based\Non a very simplistic concept of anatomy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.24,0:09:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The monarchs of the old world\Ndidn't have a concept of DNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.91,0:09:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they did have a concept of birthright.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.06,0:09:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had a concept of blue blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.76,0:09:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had the idea that the people\Nwho would be in political power
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.97,0:09:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should be in political power\Nbecause of the blood being passed down
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.17,0:09:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from grandfather to father\Nto son and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.49,0:09:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Founding Fathers rejected that idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.89,0:09:56.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they replaced it\Nwith a new anatomical concept,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.56,0:10:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that concept\Nwas "all men are created equal."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.42,0:10:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They leveled that playing field\Nand decided the anatomy that mattered
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.80,0:10:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the commonality of anatomy,\Nnot the difference in anatomy,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.24,0:10:10.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that was a really radical thing to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.26,0:10:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now they were doing it in part
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.74,0:10:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they were part\Nof an Enlightenment system
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.05,0:10:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where two things were growing up together.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.08,0:10:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that was democracy growing up,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.38,0:10:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was also science\Ngrowing up at the same time.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.47,0:10:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's really clear, if you look\Nat the history of the Founding Fathers,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.97,0:10:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of them were very\Ninterested in science,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.28,0:10:31.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were interested\Nin the concept of a naturalistic world.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.33,0:10:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were moving away\Nfrom supernatural explanations,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.84,0:10:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were rejecting things\Nlike a supernatural concept of power,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.10,0:10:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it transmitted because\Nof a very vague concept of birthright.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.18,0:10:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were moving\Ntowards a naturalistic concept.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.49,0:10:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you look, for example,\Nin the Declaration of Independence,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.57,0:10:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they talk about nature and nature's God.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.30,0:10:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't talk about God\Nand God's nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.51,0:10:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're talking about the power of nature\Nto tell us who we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.44,0:10:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as part of that,\Nthey were coming to us with a concept
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.70,0:11:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was about anatomical commonality.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.93,0:11:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in doing so, they were really\Nsetting up in a beautiful way
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.09,0:11:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Civil Rights Movement of the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.02,0:11:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't think of it that way,\Nbut they did it for us, and it was great.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.59,0:11:12.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what happened years afterwards?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.26,0:11:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened was women, for example,\Nwho wanted the right to vote,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.72,0:11:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took the Founding Fathers' concept\Nof anatomical commonality
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.11,0:11:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being more important\Nthan anatomical difference
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.34,0:11:23.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and said, "The fact that we have\Na uterus and ovaries
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.90,0:11:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not significant enough\Nin terms of a difference
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.68,0:11:28.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to mean that we shouldn't\Nhave the right to vote,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.100,0:11:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the right to full citizenship,\Nthe right to own property, etc."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.70,0:11:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And women successfully argued that.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.78,0:11:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next came the successful\NCivil Rights Movement,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.20,0:11:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we found people like Sojourner Truth
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.34,0:11:41.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talking about, "Ain't I a woman?"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.64,0:11:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We find men on the marching lines\Nof the Civil Rights Movement
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.60,0:11:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saying, "I am a man."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.98,0:11:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, people of color\Nappealing to a commonality of anatomy
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.40,0:11:54.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over a difference of anatomy,\Nagain, successfully.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.11,0:11:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see the same thing\Nwith the disability rights movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.49,0:11:59.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.67,0:12:02.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, as we begin to look\Nat all that commonality,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.08,0:12:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to begin to question\Nwhy we maintain certain divisions.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.52,0:12:08.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mind you, I want to maintain\Nsome divisions,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.28,0:12:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anatomically, in our culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.97,0:12:13.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, I don't want to give a fish\Nthe same rights as a human.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.67,0:12:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't want to say\Nwe give up entirely on anatomy.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.28,0:12:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't want to say a five-year-old
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.97,0:12:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should be allowed to consent\Nto sex or consent to marry.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.63,0:12:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there are some anatomical divisions
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.62,0:12:25.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make sense to me\Nand that I think we should retain.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.95,0:12:28.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the challenge is trying\Nto figure out which ones they are
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.87,0:12:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why do we retain them,\Nand do they have meaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.50,0:12:35.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's go back to those two beings\Nconceived at the beginning of this talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.32,0:12:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have two beings, both conceived
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.20,0:12:40.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the middle of 1979\Non the exact same day.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.72,0:12:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's imagine one of them, Mary,\Nis born three months prematurely,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.49,0:12:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so she's born on June 1, 1980.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.02,0:12:51.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Henry, by contrast, is born at term,\Nso he's born on March 1, 1980.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.79,0:12:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simply by virtue of the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.60,0:12:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Mary was born\Nprematurely three months,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.08,0:13:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she comes into all sorts of rights\Nthree months earlier than Henry does...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.35,0:13:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The right to consent to sex,\Nthe right to vote, the right to drink.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.59,0:13:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Henry has to wait for all of that,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.25,0:13:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not because he's actually\Nany different in age, biologically,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.28,0:13:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except in terms of when he was born.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.19,0:13:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We find other kinds of weirdness\Nin terms of what their rights are.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.37,0:13:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Henry, by virtue of being\Nassumed to be male...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.59,0:13:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although I haven't told you\Nthat he's the XY one...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.00,0:13:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By virtue of being assumed to be male\Nis now liable to be drafted,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.20,0:13:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which Mary does not need to worry about.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.16,0:13:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mary, meanwhile, cannot in all the states\Nhave the same right
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.96,0:13:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Henry has in all the states,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.58,0:13:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,namely, the right to marry.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.09,0:13:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Henry can marry, in every state, a woman,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.88,0:13:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Mary can only marry today\Nin a few states, a woman.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.42,0:13:42.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have these anatomical\Ncategories that persist,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.34,0:13:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are in many ways\Nproblematic and questionable.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.11,0:13:47.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the question to me becomes:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.85,0:13:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do we do, as our science\Ngets to be so good in looking at anatomy,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.87,0:13:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we reach the point\Nwhere we have to admit
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.46,0:13:59.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a democracy\Nthat's been based on anatomy
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.36,0:14:00.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might start falling apart?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.08,0:14:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't want to give up the science,\Nbut at the same time,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.83,0:14:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it feels sometimes like the science\Nis coming out from under us.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.00,0:14:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where do we go?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.03,0:14:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems like what happens in our culture\Nis a sort of pragmatic attitude:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.13,0:14:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We have to draw the line somewhere,\Nso we will draw the line somewhere."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.60,0:14:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a lot of people get stuck\Nin a very strange position.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.31,0:14:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, Texas has at one point\Ndecided that what it means to marry a man
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.20,0:14:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to mean that you don't have\Na Y chromosome,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.62,0:14:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what it means to marry a woman\Nmeans you have a Y chromosome.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.71,0:14:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In practice they don't test people\Nfor their chromosomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.46,0:14:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is also very bizarre,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.97,0:14:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the story I told you\Nat the beginning
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.31,0:14:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about androgen insensitivity syndrome.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.14,0:14:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we look at one of the Founding Fathers\Nof modern democracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.70,0:14:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Martin Luther King,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.90,0:14:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he offers us something of a solution\Nin his "I have a dream" speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.13,0:14:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He says we should judge people\N"based not on the color of their skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.42,0:14:52.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but on the content of their character,"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.32,0:14:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moving beyond anatomy.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.86,0:14:56.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to say, "Yeah, that sounds\Nlike a really good idea."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.87,0:14:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in practice, how do you do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.55,0:15:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you judge people based\Non the content of character?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.03,0:15:03.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also want to point out
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.21,0:15:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I'm not sure that is how we should\Ndistribute rights in terms of humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.04,0:15:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because, I have to admit, that there\Nare some golden retrievers I know
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.37,0:15:13.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are probably more deserving of social\Nservices than some humans I know.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.97,0:15:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also want to say there are probably\Nalso some yellow Labradors that I know
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.59,0:15:20.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are more capable of informed,\Nintelligent, mature decisions
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.64,0:15:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about sexual relations\Nthan some 40-year-olds that I know.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.38,0:15:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we operationalize\Nthe question of content of character?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.59,0:15:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out to be really difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.54,0:15:31.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And part of me also wonders,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.04,0:15:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what if content of character
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.94,0:15:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turns out to be something\Nthat's scannable in the future...
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.92,0:15:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Able to be seen with an fMRI?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.25,0:15:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do we really want to go there?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.30,0:15:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not sure where we go.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.66,0:15:45.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I do know is that it seems\Nto be really important
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.24,0:15:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think about the idea\Nof the United States being in the lead
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.20,0:15:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of thinking about this issue of democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.23,0:15:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've done a really good job\Nstruggling with democracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.96,0:15:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think we would do\Na good job in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.32,0:15:57.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't have a situation\Nthat Iran has, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.95,0:16:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where a man who's sexually\Nattracted to other men
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.27,0:16:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is liable to be murdered,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.49,0:16:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless he's willing\Nto submit to a sex change,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.68,0:16:05.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which case he's allowed to live.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.11,0:16:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't have that kind of situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.92,0:16:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm glad to say we don't have\Nthe kind of situation with...
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.25,0:16:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A surgeon I talked to a few years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.25,0:16:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had brought over a set\Nof conjoined twins
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.71,0:16:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to separate them,\Npartly to make a name for himself.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.65,0:16:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when I was on the phone with him,\Nasking why he'll do this surgery...
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.12,0:16:25.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a very high-risk surgery...\NHis answer was that, in this other nation,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.87,0:16:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these children were going to be treated\Nvery badly, and so he had to do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.53,0:16:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My response to him was, "Well,\Nhave you considered political asylum
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.70,0:16:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of a separation surgery?"
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.34,0:16:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The United States has offered\Ntremendous possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.81,0:16:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for allowing people\Nto be the way they are,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.20,0:16:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without having them have\Nto be changed for the sake of the state.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.92,0:16:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think we have to be in the lead.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.12,0:16:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, just to close,\NI want to suggest to you
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.60,0:16:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I've been talking\Na lot about the Fathers.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.16,0:16:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to think\Nabout the possibilities
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.20,0:16:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what democracy might look like,\Nor might have looked like,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.13,0:16:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we had more involved the mothers.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.58,0:17:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to say something\Na little bit radical for a feminist,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.65,0:17:04.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is that I think that there may be\Ndifferent kinds of insights
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.52,0:17:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can come from different\Nkinds of anatomies,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.79,0:17:09.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly when we have\Npeople thinking in groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.44,0:17:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For years, because\NI've been interested in intersex,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.96,0:17:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've also been interested\Nin sex-difference research.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.47,0:17:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the things\Nthat I've been interested in
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.84,0:17:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is looking at the differences\Nbetween males and females
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.47,0:17:22.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of the way they think\Nand operate in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.13,0:17:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we know\Nfrom cross-cultural studies
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.23,0:17:26.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that females, on average...
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.09,0:17:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not everyone, but on average...
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.40,0:17:33.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are more inclined to be very attentive\Nto complex social relations
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.32,0:17:34.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to taking care of people
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.92,0:17:37.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are, basically,\Nvulnerable within the group.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.92,0:17:40.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so if we think about that,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.15,0:17:42.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have an interesting situation in hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.18,0:17:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Years ago, when I was in graduate school,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.16,0:17:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of my graduate advisors\Nwho knew I was interested in feminism...
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.39,0:17:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I considered myself\Na feminist, as I still do,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.65,0:17:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asked a really strange question.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.22,0:17:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "Tell me what's feminine\Nabout feminism."
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.15,0:17:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought, "Well, that's the dumbest\Nquestion I've ever heard.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.35,0:17:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feminism is all about undoing\Nstereotypes about gender,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.94,0:18:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there's nothing\Nfeminine about feminism."
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.03,0:18:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the more I thought about his question,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.08,0:18:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more I thought there might be\Nsomething feminine about feminism.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.32,0:18:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is to say, there might be\Nsomething, on average,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.06,0:18:12.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different about female\Nbrains from male brains
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.95,0:18:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that makes us more attentive\Nto deeply complex social relationships,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.04,0:18:20.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more attentive\Nto taking care of the vulnerable.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.90,0:18:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So whereas the Fathers\Nwere extremely attentive
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.72,0:18:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to figuring out how to protect\Nindividuals from the state,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.56,0:18:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's possible that if we injected\Nmore mothers into this concept,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:31.43,0:18:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we would have is more of a concept\Nof not just how to protect,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.06,0:18:37.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how to care for each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.40,0:18:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And maybe that's where\Nwe need to go in the future,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.100,0:18:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we take democracy beyond anatomy,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.23,0:18:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to think less about the individual body\Nin terms of the identity,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.79,0:18:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and think more about those relationships.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:48.16,0:18:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that as we the people\Ntry to create a more perfect union,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.65,0:18:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're thinking about what we do\Nfor each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.57,0:18:55.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.74,0:18:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)