[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.54,0:00:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who doesn't love efficiency?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.75,0:00:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.04,0:00:07.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Efficiency means more for less.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.42,0:00:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More miles per gallon,\Nmore light per watt,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.33,0:00:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more words per minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.92,0:00:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More for less is the next best thing
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.42,0:00:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to something for nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.00,0:00:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Algorithms, big data, the cloud\Nare giving us more for less.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.08,0:00:27.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are we heading toward\Na friction-free utopia
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.75,0:00:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or toward a nightmare of surveillance?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.58,0:00:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.88,0:00:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My interest is in the present.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.21,0:00:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'd like to show you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.33,0:00:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how the past can help us\Nunderstand the present.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.33,0:00:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's nothing that summarizes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.00,0:00:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both the promise\Nand the danger of efficiency
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.79,0:00:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the humble potato.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.79,0:00:50.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The potato originated in the Andes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.33,0:00:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it spread to Europe\Nfrom the ancient Inca.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.50,0:01:00.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The potato is a masterpiece\Nof balanced nutrition.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.46,0:01:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it had some very powerful friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.79,0:01:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,King Frederick the Great of Prussia
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.50,0:01:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the first enthusiast.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.67,0:01:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He believed that the potato could help
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.04,0:01:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,increase the population\Nof healthy Prussians.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.17,0:01:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the more healthy Prussians,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.46,0:01:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more healthy Prussian soldiers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.21,0:01:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some of those\Nhealthy Prussian soldiers
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.54,0:01:28.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,captured a French military\Npharmacist named Parmentier.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.29,0:01:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Parmentier, at first, was appalled
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.83,0:01:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the morning, noon and night diet
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.62,0:01:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fed to POWs of potatoes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.21,0:01:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he came to enjoy it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.21,0:01:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He thought they were making\Nhim a healthier person.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.54,0:01:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, when he was released,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.33,0:01:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he took it on himself\Nto spread the potato to France.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.33,0:01:53.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he had some powerful friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.83,0:01:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Benjamin Franklin\Nadvised him to hold a banquet,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.67,0:02:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at which every dish included potatoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.08,0:02:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Franklin was a guest of honor.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.25,0:02:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even the king and queen of France
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.17,0:02:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were persuaded to wear potatoes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.33,0:02:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,potato flowers, pardon me.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.00,0:02:15.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.29,0:02:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The king wore a potato\Nflower in his lapel,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.79,0:02:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the queen wore\Na potato flower in her hair.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.79,0:02:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was a truly great\Npublic relations idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.67,0:02:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there was a catch.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.50,0:02:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The potato was too efficient\Nfor Europe's good.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.08,0:02:35.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Ireland, it seemed a miracle.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.42,0:02:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Potatoes flourished, the population grew.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.58,0:02:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there was a hidden risk.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.54,0:02:43.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ireland's potatoes\Nwere genetically identical.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.88,0:02:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were a very efficient breed,\Ncalled the Lumper.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.67,0:02:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the problem with the Lumper
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.04,0:02:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that a blight from South America
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.92,0:02:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that affected one potato
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.62,0:02:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would affect them all.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.96,0:03:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Britain's exploitation\Nand callousness played a role,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.46,0:03:04.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was because of this monoculture
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.83,0:03:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a million people died
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.21,0:03:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and another two million\Nwere forced to emigrate.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.54,0:03:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A plant that was supposed to end famine
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.08,0:03:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created one of the most tragic ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.75,0:03:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problems of efficiency today
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.67,0:03:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are less drastic but more chronic.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.21,0:03:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can also prolong the evils
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.21,0:03:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they were intended to solve.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.00,0:03:28.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take the electronic medical records.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.29,0:03:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seemed to be the answer\Nto the problem of doctors' handwriting,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.38,0:03:33.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it had the benefit
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.96,0:03:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of providing much better data\Nfor treatments.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.29,0:03:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In practice, instead, it has meant
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.42,0:03:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much more electronic paperwork
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.25,0:03:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and physicians are now complaining\Nthat they have less,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.54,0:03:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than more time\Nto see patients individually.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.75,0:03:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The obsession with efficiency\Ncan actually make us less efficient.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.29,0:03:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Efficiency also bites back\Nwith false positives.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.54,0:04:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hospitals have hundreds\Nof devices registering alarms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.25,0:04:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Too often, they're crying wolf.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.33,0:04:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes time to rule those out.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.29,0:04:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that time results in fatigue,\Nstress and, once more,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.21,0:04:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the neglect of the problems\Nof real patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.62,0:04:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are also false positives\Nin pattern recognition.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.00,0:04:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A school bus, viewed from the wrong angle,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.17,0:04:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can resemble a punching bag.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.08,0:04:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So precious time is required
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.33,0:04:28.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to eliminate misidentification.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.29,0:04:30.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,False negatives are a problem, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.92,0:04:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Algorithms can learn a lot -- fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.71,0:04:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they can tell us only about the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.50,0:04:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So many future classics\Nget bad reviews, like "Moby Dick,"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.62,0:04:43.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or are turned down\Nby multiple publishers,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.83,0:04:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the "Harry Potter" series.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.67,0:04:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can be wasteful\Nto try to avoid all waste.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.04,0:04:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Efficiency is also a trap\Nwhen the opposition copies it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.75,0:04:55.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take the late 19th-century
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.92,0:04:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,French 75-millimeter artillery piece.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.00,0:05:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a masterpiece of lethal design.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.96,0:05:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This piece could fire a shell\Nevery four seconds.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.21,0:05:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that wasn't so unusual.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.58,0:05:11.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was really brilliant\Nwas that because of the recoil mechanism,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.75,0:05:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it could return to the exact same position
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.62,0:05:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without having to be reaimed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.17,0:05:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the effective rate of firing\Nwas drastically increased.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.04,0:05:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this seemed to be a way for France
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.58,0:05:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to defeat Germany\Nthe next time they fought.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.04,0:05:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, predictably, the Germans were working
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.42,0:05:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on something very similar.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.08,0:05:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when the First World War broke out,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.42,0:05:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the result was the trench warfare
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.38,0:05:40.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lasted longer\Nthan anybody had expected.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.83,0:05:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A technology that was designed\Nto shorten the war, prolonged it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.12,0:05:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The biggest cost of all\Nmay be missed opportunities.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.75,0:05:53.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The platform economy\Nconnecting buyers and sellers
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.42,0:05:54.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be a great investment,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.92,0:05:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have seen that\Nin the last few weeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.88,0:06:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Companies that are still losing\Nhundreds of millions of dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.46,0:06:05.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may be creating billionaires\Nwith initial public offerings.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.88,0:06:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the really difficult inventions
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.17,0:06:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the physical and chemical ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.75,0:06:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They mean bigger risks.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.00,0:06:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They may be losing out,\Nbecause hardware is hard.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.33,0:06:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's much harder to scale up\Na physical or chemical invention
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.54,0:06:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than it is a software-based invention.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.00,0:06:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of batteries.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.50,0:06:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lithium-ion batteries\Nin portable devices and electric cars
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.67,0:06:34.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are based on a 30-year-old principle.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.04,0:06:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many smartphone batteries today
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.50,0:06:40.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will last a full day on a single charge?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.54,0:06:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, hardware is hard.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.58,0:06:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It took over 20 years for the patent
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.58,0:06:49.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the principle of dry photocopying,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.96,0:06:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by Chester Carlson in 1938,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.17,0:07:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to result in the Xerox 914 copier\Nintroduced in 1959.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.96,0:07:05.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The small, brave company,\NHaloid in Rochester, NY
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.96,0:07:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had to go through what most corporations\Nwould never have tolerated.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.92,0:07:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was one failure after another,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.75,0:07:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of the special problems was fire.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.04,0:07:19.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, when the 914\Nwas finally released,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.88,0:07:24.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it still had a device\Nthat was called a scorch eliminator
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.79,0:07:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but actually it was\Na small fire extinguisher built in.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.17,0:07:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My answer to all these questions is:\Ninspired inefficiency.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.83,0:07:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Data and measurement are essential,\Nbut they're not enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.92,0:07:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's leave room for human intuition\Nand human skills.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.88,0:07:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are seven facets\Nof inspired inefficiency.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.71,0:07:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, take the scenic route,\Nsay yes to serendipity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.50,0:07:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wrong turns can be productive.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.08,0:07:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once, when I was exploring\Nthe east bank of the Mississippi,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.21,0:07:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I took the wrong turn.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.21,0:08:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was approaching a toll bridge\Ncrossing the great river,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.92,0:08:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the toll collector\Nsaid I could not turn back.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.42,0:08:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I paid my 50 cents --\Nthat's all it was at the time --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.88,0:08:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was in Muscatine, Iowa.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.21,0:08:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had barely heard of Muscatine,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.12,0:08:17.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it proved to be a fascinating place.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.29,0:08:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Muscatine had some\Nof the world's richest mussel beds.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.62,0:08:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A century ago,\Na third of the world's buttons
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.75,0:08:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were produced in Muscatine,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.58,0:08:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1.5 billion a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.17,0:08:31.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last plants have closed now,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.46,0:08:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there is still a museum\Nof the pearl button industry
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.00,0:08:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's one of the most\Nunusual in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.00,0:08:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But buttons were only the beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.83,0:08:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the house in Muscatine
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.75,0:08:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where China's future\Npresident stayed in 1986,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.83,0:08:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a member of an agricultural delegation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.54,0:08:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is now the Sino-US Friendship House,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.67,0:08:53.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's a pilgrimage site\Nfor Chinese tourists.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.79,0:08:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How could I have foreseen that?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.54,0:08:56.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.96,0:09:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, get up from the couch.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.62,0:09:03.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes it can be more efficient
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.83,0:09:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do things the hard way.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.42,0:09:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consider the internet of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.38,0:09:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's wonderful\Nto be able to control lights,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.04,0:09:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,set the thermostat, even vacuum the room
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.04,0:09:14.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without leaving one's seat.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.92,0:09:17.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But medical research has shown
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.17,0:09:20.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually fidgeting,\Ngetting up, walking around
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.42,0:09:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the best things\Nyou can do for your heart.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.62,0:09:25.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's good for the heart and the waistline.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.92,0:09:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Third, monetize your mistakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.96,0:09:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Great forms can be created
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.71,0:09:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by imaginative development of accidents.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.88,0:09:37.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tad Leski, an architect\Nof the Metropolitan Opera
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.83,0:09:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Lincoln Center,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.12,0:09:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was working on a sketch\Nand some white ink fell on the drawing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.12,0:09:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other people might just\Nhave thrown it away,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.08,0:09:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Leski was inspired\Nto produce a starburst chandelier
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.92,0:09:56.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was probably the most notable\Nof its kind of the 20th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.29,0:10:00.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fourth, sometimes try the hard way.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.21,0:10:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can be more efficient\Nto be less fluent.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.58,0:10:06.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psychologists call this\Ndesirable difficulty.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.42,0:10:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Taking detailed notes with a keyboard
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.88,0:10:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would seem to be the best way\Nto grasp what a lecturer is saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.33,0:10:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to review it verbatim.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.50,0:10:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, studies have shown\Nthat when we have to abbreviate,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.50,0:10:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we have to summarize\Nwhat a speaker is saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.58,0:10:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we're taking notes\Nwith a pen or a pencil on paper,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.00,0:10:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're processing that information.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.00,0:10:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're making that our own,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.88,0:10:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we are learning much more actively
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.21,0:10:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than when we were just transcribing
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.96,0:10:38.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what was being said.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.83,0:10:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fifth, get security through diversity.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.58,0:10:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Monoculture can be deadly.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.12,0:10:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember the potato?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.58,0:10:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was efficient until it wasn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.67,0:10:49.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Diversity applies to organizations, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.04,0:10:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Software can tell what has made people\Nin an organization succeed in the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.75,0:10:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's useful, sometimes,\Nin screening employees.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.92,0:11:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But remember, the environment\Nis constantly changing,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.04,0:11:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and software, screening software,\Nhas no way to tell,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.00,0:11:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have no way to tell,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.46,0:11:11.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is going to be useful in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.96,0:11:16.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we need to supplement\Nwhatever the algorithm tells us
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.83,0:11:19.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by an intuition and by looking for people
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.75,0:11:23.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with various backgrounds\Nand various outlooks.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.25,0:11:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sixth, achieve safety\Nthrough redundancy and human skills.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.71,0:11:31.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did two 737 Max aircraft crash?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.29,0:11:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We still don't know the full story,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.42,0:11:36.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we know how to\Nprevent future tragedies.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.25,0:11:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need multiple independent systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.88,0:11:42.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If one fails, then the others\Ncan override it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.92,0:11:46.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also need skilled operators\Nto come to the rescue
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.38,0:11:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that means constant training.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.96,0:11:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seventh, be rationally extravagant.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.17,0:11:54.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thomas Edison was a pioneer\Nof the film industry,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.88,0:11:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as of camera technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.29,0:12:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody has done more\Nfor efficiency than Thomas Edison.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.29,0:12:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But his cost cutting broke down.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.96,0:12:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His manager hired\Na so-called efficiency engineer,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.96,0:12:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who advised him to save money
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.29,0:12:12.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by using more of the film stock\Nthat he'd shot,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.88,0:12:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having fewer retakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.58,0:12:15.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, Edison was a genius,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.88,0:12:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he didn't understand\Nthe new rules of feature films
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.33,0:12:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the fact that failure\Nwas becoming the price of success.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.71,0:12:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the other hand, some great directors,\Nlike Erich Von Stroheim,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.12,0:12:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were the opposite.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.42,0:12:30.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were superb dramatists,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.83,0:12:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Stroheim was also a memorable actor.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.12,0:12:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they couldn't live\Nwithin their budgets.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.29,0:12:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that was not sustainable.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.21,0:12:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was Irving Thalberg,\Na former secretary with intuitive genius,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.21,0:12:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who achieved rational extravagance.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.58,0:12:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First at Universal, and then at MGM,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.62,0:12:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becoming the ideal\Nof the Hollywood producer.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.83,0:12:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Summing up, to be truly efficient,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.12,0:12:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need optimal inefficiency.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.67,0:13:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The shortest path may be a curve
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.29,0:13:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than a straight line.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.46,0:13:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles Darwin understood that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.67,0:13:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he encountered a tough problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.46,0:13:09.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he made a circuit of a trail,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.25,0:13:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sandwalk that he'd built\Nbehind his house.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.88,0:13:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A productive path\Ncan be physical, like Darwin's,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.12,0:13:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a virtual one, or an unforeseen detour
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.58,0:13:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a path we had laid out.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.08,0:13:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Too much efficiency can weaken itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.54,0:13:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a bit of inspired inefficiency\Ncan strengthen it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.00,0:13:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes, the best way to move forward
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.00,0:13:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to follow a circle.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.88,0:13:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.21,0:13:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)