WEBVTT 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 One summer afternoon in 2013, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 D.C. police detained, questioned and searched 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 a man who appeared suspicious and potentially dangerous. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 This wasn't what I was wearing the day of the detention, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to be fair, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but I have a picture of that as well. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I know it's very frightening -- 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 try to remain calm. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 (Laughter) 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 At this time, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I was interning at the public defender's office 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in Washington DC, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and I was visiting a police station for work. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I was on my way out, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and before I could make it to my car, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 two police cars pulled up to block my exit, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and an officer approached me from behind. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He told me to stop, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 take my backpack off 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and put my hands on the police car parked next to us. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 About a dozen officers then gathered near us. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 All of them had handguns, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 some had assault rifles. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 They rifled through my backpack, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 they patted me down, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 they took pictures of me spread on the police car 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and they laughed. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And as all this was happeneing, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 as I was on the police car trying to ignore the shaking in my legs, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 trying to think clearly about what I should do, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 something stuck out to me as odd. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 When I look at myself in this photo, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 if I were to describe myself, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I think I'd say something like, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "19-year-old, Indian male, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 bright T-Shirt, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 wearing glasses." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But they weren't including any of these details into their police radios 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 as they described me. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 They kept saying, "Middle Eastern male with a backpack. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Middle Eastern male with a backpack." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And this description carried on into their police reports. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I never expected to be described by my own government in these terms: 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "lurking ... 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 nefarious ... 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 terrorist." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And the detention dragged on like this. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 They sent dogs trying to smell explosives to sweep the area I'd been in. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 They called the federal government to see if I was on any watch list. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 They sent a couple of detectives to cross examine me 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 on why if I claimed I had nothing to hide, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I wouldn't consent to search of my car. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And I could see they weren't happy with me, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but I felt I had no way of knowing what they'd want to do next. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 At one point, the officer who patted me down 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 scanned the side of the police station to see where the security camera was -- 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to see how much of this was being recorded. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And when he did that, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 it really sank in how completely I was at their mercy. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I think we're all normalized from a young age 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to the idea of police officers and arrests and handcuffs, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 so it's easy to forget how demeaning and coercive at thing it is 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to seize control over another person's body. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I know it sounds like the point of my story 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 is how badly treated I was because of my race -- 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and yes, I don't think I would've been detained if I were white -- 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but actually what I have in mind today is something else. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 What I have in mind 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 is how much worse things might've been if I weren't affluent. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I mean, they thought I might be trying to plant an explosive, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and they investigated that possibility for an hour-and-a-half, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but I was never put in handcuffs, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I was never taken to a jail cell. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I think if I were from of Washington DC's poor communities of color, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and they thought I was endangering officers' lives, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 things might have ended differently, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and in fact, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in our system I think it's better to be an affluent person 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 suspected of trying to blow up a police station 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 than it is to be a poor person who's suspected of much, much less than this. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I want to give you an example from my current work. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Right now, I'm working for a civil rights organization in DC 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 called Equal Justice Under Law. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Let me start by asking you all a question. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 How many of you have ever gotten a parking ticket in your life? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Raise your hand. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Yeah, so have I. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And when I had to pay it, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 it felt annoying and it felt bad, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but I paid it and I moved on. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I'm guessing most of you have paid your tickets as well. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But what would happen if you couldn't afford the amount on the ticket 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and your family doesn't have the money either? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 What happens then? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Well, one thing that's not supposed to happen under the law 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 is you're not supposed to be arrested and jailed 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 simply because you can't afford to pay. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 That's illegal under federal law, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but that's what local govenerments across the country are doing 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to people who are poor. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And so many of our lawsuits at Equal Justice Under Law 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 target these modern-day debtor's prisons. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 One of our cases is against Ferguson, Missouri, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and I know when I say Ferguson, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 many of you will think of police violence, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but today I want to talk about a different aspect 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 of the relationship between the police force and their citizens. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Ferguson was issuing an average of over two arrest warrants per person, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 per year, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 mostly for unpaid debt for the courts. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 When I imagine what that would feel like if every time I left my house 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 there was a chance a police officer would run my license plate, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 see a warrant for unpaid debt, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 seize my body they way the did in DC 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and then take me to a jail cell, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I feel a little sick. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I've met many of the people in Ferguson who have experienced this, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and I've heard some of their stories. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In Ferguson's jail, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in each small cell there's a bunk bed and a toilet, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but they pack four people into each cell. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So there'd be two people on the bunks and two people on the floor, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 one with nowhere to go except right next to the filthy toilet 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 which was never cleaned. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In fact the whole cell was never cleaned, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 so the floor and the walls were lined with blood and mucus. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 No water to drink 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 except coming out of the spigot connected to the toilet. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The water looked and tasted dirty, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 there was never enough food, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 never any showers. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Women menstruating without any hygiene products -- 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 no medical attention whatsoever. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 When I asked a woman about medical attention, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 she laughed, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and she said, "Oh, no no. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 The only attention you get from the guards in there is sexual." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So, they'd take the debtors to this place and they'd say, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 "We're not letting you leave until you make a payment on your debt." 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And if you could -- 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 if you could call a family member who could somehow come up with some money, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 then maybe you were out. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 If it was enough money, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 you were out. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But if it wasn't, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 then you'd stay there for days or weeks, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and every day the guards would come down to the cells 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and haggle with the debtors about the price of release that day. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 You'd stay until at some point the jail would be booked to capacity, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and they'd want to book someone new in, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and at that point they'd think, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 OK, it's unlikely this person can come up with the money, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 it's more likely this new person will, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 you're out, they're in, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and the machine kept moving like that. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I met a man who, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 nine years ago, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 was arrested for panhandling in a Walgreens. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He couldn't afford his fines and his court fees from that case. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 When he was young he survived a house fire 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 only because he jumped out a third-story window to escape. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But that fall left him with damage to his brain 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and several parts of this body, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 including his leg. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So he can't work, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and he relies on social security payments to survive. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 When I met him in his apartment, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 he had nothing of value there -- 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 not even food in his fridge. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He was chronically hungry. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He had nothing of value in his apartment except a small piece of cardboard 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 on which he'd written the names of children. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He cherished this a lot, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 he was happy to show it to me. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But he can't pay his fines and fees because he has nothing to give. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In the last nine years, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 he's been arrested 13 times, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and jailed for 130 days on that panhandling case. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 One of those stretches lasted 45 days. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Just imagine spending from right now until sometime in June 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 in the place that I described to you a few moments ago. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 He told me about all the suicide attempts he's seen in Ferguson's jail. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 About the time a man found a way to hang himself 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 out of reach of the other inmates, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 so all they could do was yell and yell and yell, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 trying to get the guard's attention 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 so they could come down and cut him down. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And he told me that it took the guards over five minutes to respond, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and when they came, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 they man was unconcious, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 so they called the paramedics and the paramedics went to the cell. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 They said, "He'll be OK," 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 so they just left him there on the floor. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I heard many stories like this and they shouldn't have surprised me, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 because suicide is the single leading cause of death in our local jails. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 This is related to the lack of mental healthcare in our jails. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I met a woman, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 a single mother of three, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 making seven dollars an hour. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 She relies on food stamps to feed herself and her children. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 About a decade ago, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 she got a couple of traffic tickets and a minor theft charge, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and she can't afford her fines and fees on those cases. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Since then, she's been jailed about 10 times on those cases, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but she has schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and she needs medication every day. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 She doesn't have access to those medications in Ferguson's jail 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 because no one has access to their medications. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 As she told me about what it was like to spend two weeks in a cage, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 hallucinating people and shadows and hearing voices, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 begging for the medication that would make it all stop, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 only to be ignored. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And this is anomalous either: 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 thirty percent of women in our local jails have serious mental health needs 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 just like hers, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but only one in six receive mental health care while in jail. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And so, I heard all these stories about this grotesque dungeon 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that Ferguson was operating for its debtors, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and when it came time for me to actually see it and to go visit Ferguson's jail, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I'm not sure what I was expecting to see, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but I wasn't expecting this. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 It's an ordinary governement building, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 it could be a Post office or a school. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 It reminded me that these illegal extortion schemes 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 aren't being run somewhere in the shadows, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 they're being run out in the open by our public officials. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 They're a matter of public policy. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And this reminded me that poverty jailing in general, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 even outside the debtors prison context, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 plays a very visible and central role in our justice system. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 What I have in mind is our policy of bail. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In our system, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 whether you're detained or free, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 pending trial, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 is not a matter of how dangerous you are or how much of a flight risk you pose, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 it's a matter of whether you can afford to post your bail amount. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So Bill Cosby, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 whose bail was set a one million dollars, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 immediately writes the check 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and doesn't spend a second in a jail cell. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But Sandra Bland, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 who died in jail, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 was only there because her family was unable to come up with 500 dollars. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 In fact, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 there are half a million Sandra Blands across the country. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 500,000 people who are in jail right now 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 only because they can't afford their bail amount. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 We're told that our jails are places for criminals, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but statistically that's not the case: 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 three out of every five people in jail right now 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 are there pre-trial. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 They haven't been convicted of any crime, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 they haven't plead guilty to any offense. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Right here in San Francisco, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 85 percent of the inmates in our jail in San Francisco 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 are pre-trial detainees. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 This means San Francisco is spending something like 80 million dollars 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 every year 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 to fund pre-trial detention. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Many of these people who are in jail only because they can't post bail 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 are facing allegations to minor 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that the amount of time it would take for them to sit waiting for trial 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 is longer than the sentence they would receive if convicted, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 which means they're guaranteed to get out faster 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 if they just plead guilty. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So now the choice is, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 should I stay here in this horrible place, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 away from my family and my dependents, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 almost guaranteed to lose my job, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and then fight charges, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 or should I just plead guilty to whatever the prosecutor wants 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and get out? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And at this point they're pre-trial detainees, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 not criminals. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But once they take that plea deal, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 we'll call them criminals, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 even though an affluent person would never have been in this situation, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 because an affluent person would have simply been bailed out. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 At this point you might be wondering, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 this guy's in the inspiration section, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 what is he doing -- 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 (Laughter) 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 This is extremely depressing. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I want my money back. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 (Laughter) 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But in actuality, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I find talking about jailing much less depressing than the alternative, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 because I think if we don't talk about these issues 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 and collectively change how we think about jailing, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 at the end of all of our lives, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 we'll still have jails full of poor people who don't belong there. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 That really is depressing to me. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 But what's exciting to me is the thought 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that these stories can moves us to think about jailing in different terms. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Not in sterile policy terms like "mass incarceration, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 or sentencing of non-violent offenders," 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but in human terms. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 When we put a human being in a cage for days, or weeks, or months 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 or even years, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 what are we doing to that person's mind and body? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Under what conditions are we really willing to do that? 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 And so if starting with a few hundred of us in this room 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 we can commit to thinking about jailing in this different light, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 if we can undo that normalization I was referring to earlier. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 So if I leave you with anything today, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 I hope it's with the thought 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 that if want anything to fundamentally change -- 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 not just to reform our policies on bail and fines and fees -- 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 but also to make sure that whatever new policies replace those 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 don't punish the poor and the margenalized in their own new way. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 If we want that kind of change, 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 then this shift in thinking is required of each of us. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 Thank you. 99:59:59.999 --> 99:59:59.999 (Applause)