[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.19,0:00:11.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is something about physics
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.40,0:00:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has been really bothering me\Nsince I was a little kid.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.11,0:00:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's related to a question
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.94,0:00:22.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that scientists have been asking\Nfor almost 100 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.21,0:00:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with no answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.21,0:00:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do the smallest things in nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.24,0:00:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the particles of the quantum world,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.42,0:00:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,match up with the largest\Nthings in nature --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.47,0:00:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,planets and stars and galaxies\Nheld together by gravity?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.35,0:00:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a kid, I would puzzle\Nover questions just like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.15,0:00:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would fiddle around\Nwith microscopes and electromagnets,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.06,0:00:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would read\Nabout the forces of the small
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.28,0:00:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and about quantum mechanics
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.64,0:00:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would marvel at how well\Nthat description matched up
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.23,0:00:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to our observation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.32,0:00:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then I would look at the stars,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.93,0:00:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would read about how well\Nwe understand gravity,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.48,0:00:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would think surely,\Nthere must be some elegant way
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.85,0:01:02.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these two systems match up.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.12,0:01:04.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's not.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.77,0:01:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the books would say,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.96,0:01:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yeah, we understand a lot\Nabout these two realms separately,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.16,0:01:12.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when we try to link\Nthem mathematically,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.80,0:01:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything breaks.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.97,0:01:16.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for 100 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.31,0:01:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,none of our ideas as to how to solve\Nthis basically physics disaster,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.36,0:01:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has ever been supported by evidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.47,0:01:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to little old me --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.15,0:01:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little, curious, skeptical James --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.98,0:01:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was a supremely unsatisfying answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.21,0:01:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I'm still a skeptical little kid.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.47,0:01:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Flash-forward now\Nto December of 2015,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.13,0:01:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I found myself smack in the middle
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.63,0:01:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the physics world\Nbeing flipped on its head.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.10,0:01:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It all started when we at CERN\Nsaw something intriguing in our data:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.44,0:01:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a hint of a new particle,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.74,0:01:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an inkling of a possibly extraordinary\Nanswer to this question.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.88,0:02:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm still a skeptical\Nlittle kid, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.03,0:02:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'm also now a particle hunter.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.18,0:02:05.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am a physicist at CERN's\NLarge Hadron Collider,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.67,0:02:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the largest science\Nexperiment ever mounted.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.98,0:02:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a 27-kilometer tunnel\Non the border of France and Switzerland
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.54,0:02:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,buried 100 meters underground.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.41,0:02:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in this tunnel,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.59,0:02:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we use superconducting magnets\Ncolder than outer space
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.56,0:02:23.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to accelerate protons\Nto almost the speed of light
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.65,0:02:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and slam them into each other\Nmillions of times per second,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.55,0:02:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collecting the debris of these collisions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.40,0:02:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to search for new, undiscovered\Nfundamental particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.83,0:02:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its design and construction\Ntook decades of work
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.32,0:02:40.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by thousands of physicists\Nfrom around the globe,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.37,0:02:42.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the summer of 2015,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.94,0:02:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had been working tirelessly\Nto switch on the LHC
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.38,0:02:50.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the highest energy that humans\Nhave ever used in a collider experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.84,0:02:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, higher energy is important
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.38,0:02:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because for particles,\Nthere is an equivalence
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.59,0:02:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between energy and particle mass,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.82,0:03:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mass is just a number\Nput there by nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.17,0:03:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To discover new particles,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.51,0:03:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to reach these bigger numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.66,0:03:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to do that, we have to build\Na bigger, higher energy collider,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.93,0:03:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the biggest, highest\Nenergy collider in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.52,0:03:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the Large Hadron Collider.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.37,0:03:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, we collide protons\Nquadrillions of times,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.29,0:03:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we collect this data very slowly,\Nover months and months.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.91,0:03:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then new particles might show up\Nin our data as bumps --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.27,0:03:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slight deviations from what you expect,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.74,0:03:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little clusters of data points\Nthat make a smooth line not so smooth.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.48,0:03:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, this bump,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.11,0:03:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after months of data-taking in 2012,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.67,0:03:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led to the discovery\Nof the Higgs particle --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.82,0:03:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Higgs boson --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.05,0:03:48.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to a Nobel Prize\Nfor the confirmation of its existence.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.07,0:03:53.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This jump up in energy in 2015
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.73,0:03:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represented the best chance\Nthat we as a species had ever had
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.04,0:03:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of discovering new particles --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.54,0:04:01.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new answers to these\Nlong-standing questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.68,0:04:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it was almost\Ntwice as much energy as we used
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.80,0:04:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we discovered the Higgs boson.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.75,0:04:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of my colleagues had been working\Ntheir entire careers for this moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.51,0:04:12.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and frankly, to little curious me,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.61,0:04:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was the moment\NI'd been waiting for my entire life.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.55,0:04:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So 2015 was go time.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.75,0:04:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So June 2015,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.82,0:04:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the LHC is switched back on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.14,0:04:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My colleagues and I held our breath\Nand bit our fingernails,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.04,0:04:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then finally we saw\Nthe first proton collisions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.58,0:04:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at this highest energy ever.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.56,0:04:34.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Applause, champagne, celebration.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.66,0:04:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a milestone for science,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.28,0:04:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we had no idea what we would find\Nin this brand-new data.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.09,0:04:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then a few weeks later,\Nwe found a bump.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.29,0:04:51.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't a very big bump,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.05,0:04:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was big enough to make\Nyou raise your eyebrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.59,0:04:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But on a scale of one to 10\Nfor eyebrow raises,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.86,0:05:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if 10 indicates that you've\Ndiscovered a new particle,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.50,0:05:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this eyebrow raise is about a four.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.25,0:05:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.53,0:05:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I spent hours, days, weeks\Nin secret meetings,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.77,0:05:12.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arguing with my colleagues\Nover this little bump,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.15,0:05:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poking and prodding it with our most\Nruthless experimental sticks
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.41,0:05:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see if it would withstand scrutiny.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.09,0:05:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even after months\Nof working feverishly --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.57,0:05:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sleeping in our offices\Nand not going home,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.03,0:05:26.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,candy bars for dinner,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.13,0:05:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coffee by the bucketful --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.72,0:05:31.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,physicists are machines\Nfor turning coffee into diagrams --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.99,0:05:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.41,0:05:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little bump would not go away.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.80,0:05:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So after a few months,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.97,0:05:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we presented our little bump to the world\Nwith a very clear message:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.56,0:05:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this little bump is interesting\Nbut it's not definitive,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.29,0:05:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so let's keep an eye on it\Nas we take more data.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.97,0:05:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we were trying to be\Nextremely cool about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.56,0:05:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the world ran with it anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.48,0:05:58.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The news loved it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.84,0:06:01.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People said it reminded\Nthem of the little bump
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.41,0:06:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was shown on the way\Ntoward the Higgs boson discovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.86,0:06:07.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Better than that,\Nmy theorist colleagues --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.65,0:06:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love my theorist colleagues --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.99,0:06:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my theorist colleagues wrote\N500 papers about this little bump.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.62,0:06:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.67,0:06:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world of particle physics\Nhad been flipped on its head.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.84,0:06:26.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what was it about this particular bump
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.11,0:06:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that caused thousands of physicists\Nto collectively lose their cool?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.70,0:06:33.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little bump was unique.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.30,0:06:35.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little bump indicated
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.69,0:06:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we were seeing an unexpectedly\Nlarge number of collisions
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.74,0:06:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose debris consisted\Nof only two photons,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.09,0:06:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two particles of light.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.36,0:06:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's rare.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.17,0:06:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Particle collisions are not\Nlike automobile collisions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.81,0:06:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have different rules.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.36,0:06:52.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When two particles collide\Nat almost the speed of light,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.03,0:06:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the quantum world takes over.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.48,0:06:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the quantum world,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.76,0:06:57.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these two particles\Ncan briefly create a new particle
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.98,0:07:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lives for a tiny fraction of a second
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.78,0:07:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before splitting into other particles\Nthat hit our detector.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.68,0:07:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine a car collision\Nwhere the two cars vanish upon impact,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.11,0:07:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bicycle appears in their place --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.41,0:07:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.50,0:07:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then that bicycle explodes\Ninto two skateboards,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.99,0:07:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which hit our detector.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.19,0:07:15.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.60,0:07:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hopefully, not literally.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.57,0:07:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're very expensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.29,0:07:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Events where only two photons\Nhit out detector are very rare.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.06,0:07:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because of the special\Nquantum properties of photons,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.81,0:07:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a very small number\Nof possible new particles --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.62,0:07:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these mythical bicycles --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.14,0:07:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can give birth to only two photons.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.91,0:07:38.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But one of these options is huge,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.77,0:07:41.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it has to do with\Nthat long-standing question
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.63,0:07:44.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that bothered me as a tiny little kid,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.18,0:07:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about gravity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.05,0:07:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gravity may seem super strong to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.74,0:07:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's actually crazily weak\Ncompared to the other forces of nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.87,0:07:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can briefly beat gravity when I jump,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.49,0:08:01.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I can't pick a proton out of my hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.56,0:08:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The strength of gravity compared\Nto the other forces of nature?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.58,0:08:08.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's 10 to the minus 39.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.79,0:08:11.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a decimal with 39 zeros after it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.36,0:08:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Worse than that,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.54,0:08:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the other known forces of nature\Nare perfectly described
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.59,0:08:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by this thing we call the Standard Model,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.65,0:08:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is our current best description\Nof nature at its smallest scales,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.11,0:08:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and quite frankly,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.29,0:08:26.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most successful\Nachievements of humankind --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.49,0:08:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except for gravity, which is absent\Nfrom the Standard Model.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.52,0:08:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's crazy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.14,0:08:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's almost as though most\Nof gravity has gone missing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.49,0:08:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We feel a little bit of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.18,0:08:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but where's the rest of it?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.88,0:08:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one knows.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.10,0:08:46.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But one theoretical explanation\Nproposes a wild solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.22,0:08:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You and I --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.58,0:08:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even you in the back --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.18,0:08:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we live in three dimensions of space.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.35,0:08:55.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope that's a\Nnon-controversial statement.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.94,0:08:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.79,0:09:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of the known particles also live\Nin three dimensions of space.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.25,0:09:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, a particle is just another name
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.46,0:09:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for an excitation\Nin a three-dimensional field;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.50,0:09:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a localized wobbling in space.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.39,0:09:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More importantly, all the math\Nthat we use to describe all this stuff
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.94,0:09:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assumes that there are only\Nthree dimensions of space.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.04,0:09:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But math is math, and we can play\Naround with our math however we want.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.44,0:09:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people have been playing around\Nwith extra dimensions of space
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.63,0:09:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a very long time,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.81,0:09:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's always been an abstract\Nmathematical concept.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.42,0:09:29.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, just look around you --\Nyou at the back, look around --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.62,0:09:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's clearly only\Nthree dimensions of space.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.05,0:09:34.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if that's not true?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.21,0:09:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if the missing gravity is leaking\Ninto an extra-spatial dimension
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.49,0:09:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's invisible to you and I?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.46,0:09:48.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if gravity is just as strong\Nas the other forces
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.57,0:09:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you were to view it in this\Nextra-spatial dimension,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.74,0:09:54.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what you and I experience\Nis a tiny slice of gravity
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.66,0:09:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make it seem very weak?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.26,0:09:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If this were true,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.46,0:10:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would have to expand\Nour Standard Model of particles
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.23,0:10:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to include an extra particle,\Na hyperdimensional particle of gravity,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.34,0:10:09.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a special graviton that lives\Nin extra-spatial dimensions.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.36,0:10:10.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see the looks on your faces.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.85,0:10:12.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You should be asking me the question,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.69,0:10:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How in the world are we going to test\Nthis crazy, science fiction idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.36,0:10:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stuck as we are in three dimensions?"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.87,0:10:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way we always do,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.18,0:10:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by slamming together two protons --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.34,0:10:23.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.52,0:10:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hard enough that\Nthe collision reverberates
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.11,0:10:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into any extra-spatial dimensions\Nthat might be there,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.82,0:10:31.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,momentarily creating\Nthis hyperdimensional graviton
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.44,0:10:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that then snaps back\Ninto the three dimensions of the LHC
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.85,0:10:37.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and spits off two photons,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.38,0:10:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two particles of light.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.52,0:10:44.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this hypothetical,\Nextra-dimensional graviton
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.45,0:10:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the only possible,\Nhypothetical new particles
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.18,0:10:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has the special quantum properties
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.34,0:10:54.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could give birth to our little,\Ntwo-photon bump.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.10,0:11:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the possibility of explaining\Nthe mysteries of gravity
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.94,0:11:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of discovering extra\Ndimensions of space --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.47,0:11:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps now you get a sense
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.08,0:11:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as to why thousands of physics geeks\Ncollectively lost their cool
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.23,0:11:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over our little, two-photon bump.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.14,0:11:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A discovery of this type\Nwould rewrite the textbooks.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.84,0:11:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But remember,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.02,0:11:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the message from us experimentalists
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.76,0:11:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually were doing\Nthis work at the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.03,0:11:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was very clear:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.20,0:11:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need more data.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.40,0:11:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With more data,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.94,0:11:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the little bump will either turn into\Na nice, crisp Nobel Prize --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.99,0:11:31.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.78,0:11:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or the extra data will fill in\Nthe space around the bump
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.76,0:11:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turn it into a nice, smooth line.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.62,0:11:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we took more data,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.86,0:11:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with five times the data,\Nseveral months later,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.46,0:11:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our little bump
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.17,0:11:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turned into a smooth line.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.32,0:11:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The news reported on a "huge\Ndisappointment," on "faded hopes,"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.82,0:11:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on particle physicists "being sad."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.36,0:11:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Given the tone of the coverage,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.19,0:12:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd think that we had decided\Nto shut down the LHC and go home.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.71,0:12:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.73,0:12:04.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not what we did.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.16,0:12:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why not?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.58,0:12:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, if I didn't discover\Na particle -- and I didn't --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.31,0:12:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I didn't discover a particle,\Nwhy am I here talking to you?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.36,0:12:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why didn't I just hang my head in shame
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.82,0:12:21.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and go home?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.27,0:12:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Particle physicists are explorers.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.52,0:12:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And very much of what we do\Nis cartography.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.57,0:12:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me put it this way: forget\Nabout the LHC for a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.44,0:12:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine you are a space explorer\Narriving at a distant planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.85,0:12:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,searching for aliens.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.20,0:12:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is your first task?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.03,0:12:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To immediately orbit the planet,\Nland, take a quick look around
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.13,0:12:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for any big, obvious signs of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.04,0:12:50.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and report back to home base.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.88,0:12:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the stage we're at now.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.37,0:12:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took a first look at the LHC
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.88,0:12:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for any new, big,\Nobvious-to-spot particles,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.19,0:12:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can report that there are none.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.73,0:13:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We saw a weird-looking alien bump\Non a distant mountain,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.43,0:13:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but once we got closer,\Nwe saw it was a rock.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.92,0:13:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then what do we do?\NDo we just give up and fly away?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.58,0:13:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Absolutely not;
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.89,0:13:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would be terrible scientists if we did.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.22,0:13:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, we spend the next couple\Nof decades exploring,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.86,0:13:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mapping out the territory,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.36,0:13:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sifting through the sand\Nwith a fine instrument,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.75,0:13:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,peeking under every stone,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.23,0:13:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drilling under the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.21,0:13:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New particles can either\Nshow up immediately
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.82,0:13:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as big, obvious-to-spot bumps,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.98,0:13:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they can only reveal themselves\Nafter years of data taking.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.20,0:13:36.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humanity has just begun its exploration\Nat the LHC at this big high energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.64,0:13:38.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have much searching to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.45,0:13:44.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if, even after 10 or 20 years,\Nwe still find no new particles?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.15,0:13:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We build a bigger machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.87,0:13:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.47,0:13:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We search at higher energies.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.58,0:13:52.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We search at higher energies.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.05,0:13:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Planning is already underway\Nfor a 100-kilometer tunnel
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.71,0:13:59.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will collide particles\Nat 10 times the energy of the LHC.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.71,0:14:02.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't decide where\Nnature places new particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.47,0:14:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We only decide to keep exploring.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.14,0:14:06.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if, even after\Na 100-kilometer tunnel
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.72,0:14:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a 500-kilometer tunnel
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.60,0:14:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a 10,000-kilometer\Ncollider floating in space
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.47,0:14:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the Earth and the Moon,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.07,0:14:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we still find no new particles?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.70,0:14:20.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then perhaps we're doing\Nparticle physics wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.42,0:14:22.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.23,0:14:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps we need to rethink things.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.23,0:14:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe we need more resources,\Ntechnology, expertise
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.51,0:14:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than what we currently have.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.71,0:14:34.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We already use artificial intelligence\Nand machine learning techniques
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.08,0:14:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in parts of the LHC,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.25,0:14:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but imagine designing\Na particle physics experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.68,0:14:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using such sophisticated algorithms
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.38,0:14:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it could teach itself to discover\Na hyperdimensional graviton.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.57,0:14:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.75,0:14:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if the ultimate question:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.22,0:14:48.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if even artificial intelligence\Ncan't help us answer our questions?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.71,0:14:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if these open questions,\Nfor centuries,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.85,0:14:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are destined to be unanswered\Nfor the foreseeable future?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.54,0:14:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if the stuff that's bothered me\Nsince I was a little kid
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.50,0:14:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is destined to be unanswered\Nin my lifetime?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.50,0:15:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then that ...
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.38,0:15:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be even more fascinating.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.24,0:15:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will be forced to think\Nin completely new ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.46,0:15:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll have to go back to our assumptions,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.54,0:15:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and determine if there was\Na flaw somewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.50,0:15:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we'll need to encourage more people\Nto join us in studying science
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.92,0:15:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since we need fresh eyes\Non these century-old problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.01,0:15:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't have the answers,\Nand I'm still searching for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.16,0:15:27.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But someone -- maybe\Nshe's in school right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.52,0:15:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe she's not even born yet --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.88,0:15:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could eventually guide us to see physics\Nin a completely new way,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.04,0:15:37.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to point out that perhaps\Nwe're just asking the wrong questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.21,0:15:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which would not be the end of physics,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.65,0:15:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a novel beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.30,0:15:44.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.48,0:15:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)