History of Alphabet (Language of Coins: 3/9)
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0:04 - 0:07Informally, we can think of information as some message –
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0:07 - 0:11stored or transmitted – using some medium.
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0:11 - 0:13When you paint, you are representing your message
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0:13 - 0:15using a continuous pattern,
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0:15 - 0:19with seemingly endless numbers of possible forms.
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0:19 - 0:22You are free to express yourself.
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0:22 - 0:25When humans began developing writing systems,
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0:25 - 0:28we naturally had to divide our world into a finite
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0:28 - 0:33number of atomic units – which we express using 'symbols.'
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0:33 - 0:37Now any written language can be thought of in this way.
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0:37 - 0:39Messages are formed by arranging
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0:39 - 0:42symbols in specific patterns.
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0:42 - 0:45Let's return to 3,000 BC,
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0:45 - 0:48and explore two ancient writing systems.
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0:48 - 0:52First, in ancient Egypt we had 'hieroglyphics' –
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0:52 - 0:55a priestly form of communication, reserved for
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0:55 - 0:59governmental, fiscal, magical and religious purposes.
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0:59 - 1:03It was practiced by a select few writers, known as 'scribes.'
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1:03 - 1:06And writing was generally unintelligible
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1:06 - 1:07to the common people.
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1:07 - 1:12The symbols, themselves, broadly fall into two categories:
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1:12 - 1:15'word signs' – which are symbols that represent
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1:15 - 1:18a single meaningful concept –
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1:18 - 1:21back – apple
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1:21 - 1:22– and 'sound signs.'
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1:22 - 1:24These symbols represent chunks of sound.
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1:24 - 1:27[PEOPLE PRONOUNCING SINGLE-SYLLABLE SOUNDS]
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1:27 - 1:30Now the total number of different symbols
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1:30 - 1:34in common use was over 1,500.
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1:34 - 1:37And if you divide all of these symbols
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1:37 - 1:39into word signs versus sound signs,
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1:39 - 1:43we find a much smaller portion of sound signs.
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1:43 - 1:46There were around 140 sound signs –
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1:46 - 1:52– and of these, only 33 represented distinct consonants –
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1:52 - 1:56a tiny fraction of all of the symbols in use.
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1:56 - 1:58At the time, the medium used
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1:58 - 2:01to store the symbols was primarily rock.
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2:01 - 2:04And this was ideal for durable inscriptions
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2:04 - 2:08allowing messages to travel into the future.
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2:08 - 2:10Mobility was not a main concern
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2:10 - 2:13when communicating messages in this way.
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2:13 - 2:14However, a new physical medium
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2:14 - 2:17for storing symbols was emerging at the time.
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2:17 - 2:21Along the Nile, silt deposits, left from flooding,
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2:21 - 2:24made the surrounding land extremely fertile.
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2:24 - 2:28And one of the many crops they grew was 'papyrus.'
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2:28 - 2:30It could be sliced into strips,
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2:30 - 2:32and these strips were then soaked –
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2:35 - 2:39and [woven] together, and finally, pressed –
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2:39 - 2:42allowing the natural sugars to act as glue.
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2:45 - 2:48After several days, it dried and formed
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2:48 - 2:50an almost weightless tablet.
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2:53 - 2:56This medium was ideal for sending messages
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2:56 - 2:59across greater spaces – [compared to inscriptions on] more
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2:59 - 3:02durable [surfaces] – focused on time.
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3:02 - 3:04Now this shift towards cheap,
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3:04 - 3:07portable mediums for storing symbols
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3:07 - 3:09coincided with the spread of writing
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3:09 - 3:13into the hands of more people, for new purposes.
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3:13 - 3:16Gradually, as people began to write more on papyrus,
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3:16 - 3:20the symbols evolved to suit more rapid writing.
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3:20 - 3:24This led to a cursive script known as 'hieratic.'
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3:24 - 3:25For example, here is the world's
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3:25 - 3:28oldest surviving surgical document.
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3:28 - 3:34It's written in hieratic script, dated to around 1,600 BC.
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3:34 - 3:36Now these symbols were based on hieroglyphics,
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3:36 - 3:39however, the pictures were simplified to match
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3:39 - 3:43the swiftness of writing – an ancient shorthand.
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3:43 - 3:46Also, the number of common symbols
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3:46 - 3:50in use began to shrink – down to around 700.
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3:50 - 3:53By escaping from the heavy medium of stone,
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3:53 - 3:55thought gained lightness.
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3:55 - 3:57A marked increase in writing by hand
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3:57 - 3:59was accompanied by the secularization
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3:59 - 4:01of writing, thought, and activity.
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4:01 - 4:05This led to a new writing system called 'demotic' –
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4:05 - 4:09around 650 BC – which was devised specifically
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4:09 - 4:13to facilitate the ease of rapid writing.
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4:13 - 4:16For example, this text is known as a marriage contract,
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4:16 - 4:20and is one of the earliest known examples of demotic script.
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4:20 - 4:22It's interesting to notice that there was
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4:22 - 4:24a dramatic reduction, again, in the total number
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4:24 - 4:27of symbols with this new system –
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4:27 - 4:30roughly 10% of the total number
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4:30 - 4:32of symbols used before.
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4:32 - 4:34This was due to a shift towards
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4:34 - 4:37the use of 'phonetic' symbols – or sound signs –
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4:37 - 4:40[PEOPLE PRONOUNCING SOUND SIGNS]
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4:40 - 4:43– over word symbols – or meaning signs.
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4:43 - 4:45And the new simplicity meant that
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4:45 - 4:49children could be taught to write at a young age.
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4:49 - 4:52We see this same pattern in other cultures.
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4:52 - 4:56Let's return back to 3,000 BC and visit Mesopotamia
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4:56 - 4:58where 'cuneiform' was the writing system –
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4:58 - 5:01originally used for fiscal purposes,
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5:01 - 5:03as it was a powerful method
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5:03 - 5:06of tracking debt and surplus commodities –
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5:06 - 5:09before the invention of coins.
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5:09 - 5:10For example, here is a document recording
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5:10 - 5:13someone's stock of animal hides.
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5:13 - 5:16And this type of writing evolved to suit other needs.
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5:16 - 5:18For example, this tablet contains a recipe
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5:18 - 5:20for bread and beer.
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5:20 - 5:21And here's another tablet
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5:21 - 5:23which contains a legal document.
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5:23 - 5:25Now originally, the writing system
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5:25 - 5:27was used by the Sumerians –
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5:27 - 5:31and there were over 2,000 different symbols in use –
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5:31 - 5:33which could also be divided into
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5:33 - 5:36word signs and sound signs.
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5:36 - 5:38Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian
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5:38 - 5:40as the spoken language.
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5:40 - 5:45And here is the earliest known dictionary – from 2,300 BC.
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5:45 - 5:50It contains word lists in Sumerian and Akkadian.
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5:50 - 5:53And this was discovered in modern Syria.
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5:53 - 5:55When it was adapted by the Akkadians,
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5:55 - 5:57and fitted to their language,
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5:57 - 6:00they reduced the number of symbols to around 600.
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6:00 - 6:01And they did this again
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6:01 - 6:04by moving towards sound signs.
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6:04 - 6:07Again, we see both hieroglyphics and cuneiform
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6:07 - 6:10using several hundred sound symbols
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6:10 - 6:13in their more evolved forms.
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6:13 - 6:16And as writing systems escaped their formal usage,
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6:16 - 6:18and spread to more and more people,
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6:18 - 6:21the soil was ripe for the invention of
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6:21 - 6:25a brand new writing system for the people.
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6:25 - 6:28One of the great discoveries in the history of writing,
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6:28 - 6:31is dated to around 1,700 BC.
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6:31 - 6:35The Sinai Inscriptions were found in the Sinai Peninsula –
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6:35 - 6:37and they were about 20 feet apart.
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6:37 - 6:40This was important, because each picture
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6:40 - 6:42denotes a consonant sound –
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6:42 - 6:46and no word signs are used.
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6:46 - 6:48When sounded out correctly,
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6:48 - 6:52the letters would produce words in ancient Semitic.
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6:52 - 6:55Although not fully deciphered, this message appears
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6:55 - 6:58to be of the form 'name, rank, and prayer.'
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6:58 - 7:02The two words deciphered are 'chief' and 'god.'
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7:02 - 7:06This innocent example was part of a writing revolution –
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7:06 - 7:09creating meaning by merging sound signs only.
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7:09 - 7:15[GIRL PRONOUNCING ONE-
AND TWO-SYLLABLE WORDS] -
7:15 - 7:20By 1,000 BC, we arrive at the Phoenician alphabet,
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7:20 - 7:22which emerges along the Mediterranean,
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7:22 - 7:23used by the Phoenicians,
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7:23 - 7:26who are a maritime trading culture.
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7:26 - 7:28The Phoenician writing system was based on
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7:28 - 7:33the principle that one sign represents one consonant.
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7:33 - 7:35And it was used to write a northern Semitic language
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7:35 - 7:39containing only 22 symbols total.
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7:39 - 7:41The symbols chosen to represent these sounds
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7:41 - 7:44were often borrowed from hieroglyphic pictures –
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7:44 - 7:48so that the letter's name began with the letter's sound.
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7:48 - 7:52For example, 'mem' – which stood for 'water' –
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7:52 - 7:55became what we know of as the letter 'M.'
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7:55 - 7:58'Alph' which stood for ox,
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7:58 - 8:00became what we know of as the letter 'A.'
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8:00 - 8:02But the secret power of this alphabet –
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8:02 - 8:04unknown to its inventors –
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8:04 - 8:07was that it did not need Semitic speech
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8:07 - 8:08in order to work.
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8:08 - 8:12[PEOPLE PRONOUNCING SINGLE-SYLLABLE SOUNDS]
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8:12 - 8:15With modest adjustments, these miraculous letters
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8:15 - 8:17would be fitted to diverse tongues of
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8:17 - 8:20Europe, India, and southeast Asia –
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8:20 - 8:25carrying literacy around the globe.
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8:25 - 8:27This was the source of the Greek – and later Roman –
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8:27 - 8:31alphabet forms we know today.
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8:31 - 8:34The idea of an alphabet is a powerful method
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8:34 - 8:38for transmitting and storing information.
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8:38 - 8:39Realize, it doesn't really matter
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8:39 - 8:42what the symbols are, or how you choose them –
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8:42 - 8:44or even what language [they're] in.
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8:44 - 8:46Information is just a selection
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8:46 - 8:51from a collection of possible symbols.
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8:51 - 8:54And over time, we have always looked for
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8:54 - 8:57faster, more efficient ways of transporting
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8:57 - 9:00information across greater and greater spaces.
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9:00 - 9:03And when we tred doing this using new mediums
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9:03 - 9:06which travel faster than any human or animal,
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9:06 - 9:10an engineering problem presents itself.
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9:11 - 9:15Hello? Hello!
- Title:
- History of Alphabet (Language of Coins: 3/9)
- Description:
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History of the Alphabet. This video introduces the Hieroglyphic, Cuneiform, Hieratic, Demotic, Phonetician writing systems. It presents information as a series of selections from a finite collection of symbols..
References (book):
- The Alphabetic Labyrinth (Drucker)
- Letter Perfect (David Sacks)
- Empire and Communications (Innis)
- The Mathematical Theory of Communication (Shannon)Image References:
- http://cuneiform.library.cornell.edu/ (Cuneiform Library at Cornell)
- Egyptian photography thanks to Anne Mullier (Louvre, Department of Egyptian Antiquities) http://ritournelleblog.com/Script Advisers:
Ali McMillan / Cameron Murray / Mel BervoetsExtra voice footage thanks to:
Feroze Shahpurwala - Video Language:
- English
- Duration:
- 09:23
Mike Ridgway edited English subtitles for History of Alphabet (Language of Coins: 3/9) | ||
Mike Ridgway edited English subtitles for History of Alphabet (Language of Coins: 3/9) | ||
Mike Ridgway edited English subtitles for History of Alphabet (Language of Coins: 3/9) | ||
Mike Ridgway edited English subtitles for History of Alphabet (Language of Coins: 3/9) | ||
Mike Ridgway edited English subtitles for History of Alphabet (Language of Coins: 3/9) | ||
Mike Ridgway edited English subtitles for History of Alphabet (Language of Coins: 3/9) | ||
Mike Ridgway edited English subtitles for History of Alphabet (Language of Coins: 3/9) | ||
Mike Ridgway edited English subtitles for History of Alphabet (Language of Coins: 3/9) |