[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.46,0:00:36.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you hear me?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.50,0:00:37.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.54,0:00:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think you can hear me now,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.30,0:00:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you don't see me.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.90,0:00:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's because you have ears.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.98,0:00:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you close your eyes and reach for the screen
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.92,0:00:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will know it's there.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.52,0:00:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You feel it through your skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.02,0:00:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have not been allowed to touch it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.67,0:00:54.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least you can smell it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.68,0:00:56.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after the hot plastic smell
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.71,0:01:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will realize that your monitor has to be there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.50,0:01:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Luckily, you have a nose.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.02,0:01:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, what if you taste it?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.26,0:01:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it would be more difficult,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.95,0:01:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but eventually you'll taste the plastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.65,0:01:11.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you have a tongue.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.40,0:01:14.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You understand the world around you,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.76,0:01:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, everything that is around you,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.21,0:01:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through those five senses.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.41,0:01:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have ears,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.62,0:01:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can hear.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.69,0:01:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.95,0:01:24.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.56,0:01:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through your skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.47,0:01:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can feel.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.80,0:01:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The tongue will help you taste,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.66,0:01:31.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you have a nose, you can smell.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.25,0:01:37.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin are the "tools"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.47,0:01:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with which you were born.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.02,0:01:41.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tools that help you understand \Nthe world around you.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.47,0:01:44.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, how did you know all this?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.61,0:01:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just because you noticed?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.07,0:01:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how did we divide them into five senses?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.00,0:02:28.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer is science.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.05,0:02:30.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the world is so complicated
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.35,0:02:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we use science to discover and define.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.55,0:02:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, what is science?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.60,0:02:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Investigation and study of nature
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.31,0:02:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by observation and reasoning."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.82,0:02:42.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or "the sum of all knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.38,0:02:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,obtained through research."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.38,0:02:47.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically a sum of tests, numbers and letters,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.94,0:02:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, all together can define.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.20,0:02:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.50,0:02:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people recognize marks as values,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.44,0:02:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the best known groups are \Nletters and numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.98,0:03:00.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are inventions which help us
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.87,0:03:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand our environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.52,0:03:05.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To better understand how these marks
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.55,0:03:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came into existence
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.31,0:03:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's see a brief history of mathematics.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.94,0:03:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Human beings, from our earliest beginnings,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.30,0:03:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have searched for solutions to basic problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.75,0:03:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Building homes, measuring space,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.36,0:03:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keeping track of seasons and counting objects.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.00,0:03:26.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over thirty thousand years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.50,0:03:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,early paleolithic people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.80,0:03:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kept track of the passing seasons
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.48,0:03:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the changes of weather for planting.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.20,0:03:33.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To represent the passing of time
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.80,0:03:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they carved tally marks on cave walls
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.28,0:03:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or slashed tallies on bones, wood or stone.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.99,0:03:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each tally stood for one.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.99,0:03:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this system was awkward
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.25,0:03:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it came to large amounts.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.56,0:03:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So symbols were eventually created
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.55,0:03:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that stood for groups of objects.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.20,0:03:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sumerian clay stones have been found
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.70,0:03:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that date to the fourth millennium BC.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.40,0:03:56.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A small clay column was used for one,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.30,0:03:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a clay ball was used for ten,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.20,0:04:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a large cone stood for sixty.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.00,0:04:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Written records from around 3300 BC show
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.35,0:04:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Babylonians inscribed amounts
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.15,0:04:07.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on clay tablets with a reed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.50,0:04:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They used a nail shape for ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.98,0:04:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a V on its side for tens,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.55,0:04:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,combining these symbols to write other numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.99,0:04:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.85,0:04:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Babylonians wrote the number 19 as...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.83,0:04:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ancient Egyptians used objects
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.95,0:04:23.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from their everyday life as symbols.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.73,0:04:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A rod stood for one, a cattle hobble was ten,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.95,0:04:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a coiled rope was a hundred,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.15,0:04:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lotus flower was a thousand and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.40,0:04:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The number 19 was a cattle hobble and nine rods.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.15,0:04:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The early Romans created a number system
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.00,0:04:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we still see today.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.83,0:04:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Along with other symbols
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.00,0:04:43.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they used an X for ten and an I for one.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.20,0:04:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the middle ages
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.10,0:04:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Romans were putting the I to the right of the X
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.25,0:04:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for eleven and to the left for nine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.76,0:04:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they wrote 19 as XIX.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.80,0:04:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All these creative number systems
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.60,0:04:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,show groups of objects, as well as individual objects.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.60,0:05:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the oldest human counting systems
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.45,0:05:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rely on fingers and toes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.85,0:05:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they were based on ones, fivers, tens and twenties.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.10,0:05:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Zulu word for six means
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.10,0:05:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take the thumb of the right hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.90,0:05:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meaning that all the fingers on the left hand
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.60,0:05:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been added up and the other thumb was needed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.15,0:05:18.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other systems evolved from commerce.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.45,0:05:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Yoruba, in Nigeria,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.65,0:05:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used cowry shells as currency
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.89,0:05:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and developed an amazingly complex number system.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.86,0:05:25.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was based on 20s
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.10,0:05:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on the operations of multiplication,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.03,0:05:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subtraction and addition.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.99,0:05:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.75,0:05:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they thought of 45 as (3 x 20) - 10 - 5.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.70,0:05:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Knots tied in cords and strings were used
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.87,0:05:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for recording amounts by many cultures,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.20,0:05:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the Persians.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.71,0:05:44.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Incas used a more refined version
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.30,0:05:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called the "quipu":
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.44,0:05:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A thick cord held horizontally
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.70,0:05:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from which hung knotted string.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.88,0:05:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The kind of knot the Incas used
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.65,0:05:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along with the length and color of the cord
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.30,0:05:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represented 1s, 10s, and 100s.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.80,0:05:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In today's world almost every industrial culture
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.95,0:06:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uses the numeral 0 through 9.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.60,0:06:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But these symbols weren't invented
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.05,0:06:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the third century BC in India
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.66,0:06:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it took another 800 years
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.45,0:06:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the idea of 0 with place value to be constructed.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.15,0:06:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This big idea
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.05,0:06:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dramatically changed the face of mathematics.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.70,0:06:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We humans have always shared with one another.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.88,0:06:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When early cultures shared their food and water
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.28,0:06:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or wanted to divide their land
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.70,0:06:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in ways that were fair and equal,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.65,0:06:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fractions gradually emerged
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.25,0:06:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as symbols for these fair share situations.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.89,0:06:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ancient Egyptians used unit fractions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.22,0:06:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fractions where the numerator is 1,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.25,0:06:34.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like 1/2, 1/3 and 1/5,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.66,0:06:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and would add and halve these fractions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.06,0:06:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they wanted to divide three loaves of bread equally
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.95,0:06:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among five family members,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.70,0:06:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'd first divide the first and second loaves
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.05,0:06:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into thirds.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.04,0:06:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, they'd divide the third loaf into fifths.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.60,0:06:51.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, they'd take the remaining one third
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.60,0:06:54.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the second loaf and divide that into five pieces.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.00,0:07:00.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They wrote this as 1/3, 1/5, 1/15.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.65,0:07:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today we would represent this sharing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.30,0:07:03.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the fraction 3/5.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.20,0:07:06.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,3/5 of a loaf for each person,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.60,0:07:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or 3 loaves divided by 5 people.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.53,0:07:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Sumerians and early Babylonians
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.70,0:07:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,invented a number system of fractions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.40,0:07:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on 60, that we still use 4000 years later.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.49,0:07:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our days have 60 minute hours
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.15,0:07:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 60 second minutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.55,0:07:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our circles encompass 360 degrees.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.21,0:07:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chinese societies used an abacus
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.10,0:07:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a system based on 10s, although it had no 0.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.75,0:07:32.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An early form of decimal fractions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.40,0:07:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came from the abacus.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.50,0:07:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.40,0:07:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,3/5 would be 6 out of 10 on an abacus
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.12,0:07:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Chinese lovingly named the numerator "the son"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.99,0:07:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the denominator "the mother".
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.70,0:07:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't until the 12th century
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.35,0:07:46.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that common fractions,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.45,0:07:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the bar notation that we use today,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.40,0:07:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were invented.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.50,0:07:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even then, these fractions weren't widely used
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.70,0:07:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the renaissance period, only 500 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.60,0:07:57.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Throughout history every culture around the globe
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.80,0:08:00.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has created inventive ways to calculate.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.85,0:08:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To solve a problem, say... 12 x 15,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.75,0:08:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,early Russian peasants
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.15,0:08:07.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used a system of doubling and halving.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.52,0:08:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When an odd number halved resulted in a fraction,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.09,0:08:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they rounded down,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.90,0:08:16.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then they added the factors
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.10,0:08:18.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,associated with the odd multipliers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.10,0:08:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ancient Egyptians relied on a doubling procedure
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.75,0:08:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until they produced enough groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.50,0:08:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then they added these groups to find the answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.80,0:08:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Across Europe and Asia, during the middle ages,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.15,0:08:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the abacus was the handheld calculator of its day.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.15,0:08:48.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But only very few people knew how to use it,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.35,0:08:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,usually wealthy merchants and money lenders.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.00,0:08:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By simply moving beads that each had place value
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.50,0:08:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an abacus was a highly efficient way to compute.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.70,0:08:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, the great Arab mathematician al-KhwÄrizmÄŤ
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.34,0:09:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,introduced the Hindu Arabic numerals 0 through 9,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.15,0:09:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into North America and Europe
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.90,0:09:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and created new procedures for computation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.70,0:09:09.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These algorithms could be written onto paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.15,0:09:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the centuries learning the algorithms
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.20,0:09:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became the whole mark of an education
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.95,0:09:15.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as students were taught to compute
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.30,0:09:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long columns of figures,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.20,0:09:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,borrow and carry,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.15,0:09:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do long division efficiently and reliably.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.55,0:09:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could now keep records of these procedures
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.20,0:09:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and check results.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.10,0:09:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today complex calculations
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.75,0:09:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are done with a handheld calculator.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.85,0:09:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This means students need the ability
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.25,0:09:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to check the reasonableness of the answer
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.45,0:09:34.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to have a rich repertoire
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.70,0:09:36.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of mental math strategies to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.50,0:09:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most simpler computations like 12 x 15
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.60,0:09:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be solved mentally using a variety of strategies.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.00,0:09:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we journey through the rich
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.40,0:09:57.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and vibrant history of mathematics
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.20,0:09:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see how ideas and creations
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.25,0:10:00.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grew out of our very human need
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.00,0:10:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to solve the problems in our everyday lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.70,0:10:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through time, the mathematical explorations
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.95,0:10:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of men and women from around the globe,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.10,0:10:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have given us fascinating lenses
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.25,0:10:11.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that help us to mathematically view
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.80,0:10:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make sense of our world.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.30,0:10:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Science is the collection of facts
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.40,0:10:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arrived at by defining what we observe
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.65,0:10:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and running tests to discover.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.50,0:10:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mathematics, chemistry, and physics represent fixed
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.55,0:10:31.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,languages which are not subject to interpretation.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.90,0:10:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Languages used to describe what we observe and
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.60,0:10:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to test those observations in order to prove them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.20,0:10:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of DNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.07,0:10:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cells, galaxies,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.38,0:10:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fruits,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.25,0:10:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laptops,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.70,0:10:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,air conditioning.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.12,0:10:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about cars,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.22,0:10:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,food,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.30,0:10:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,houses,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.03,0:11:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fauna,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.10,0:11:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flora.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.47,0:11:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about atoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.94,0:11:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,body parts,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.74,0:11:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,climate,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.71,0:11:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the clothes you wear.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.20,0:11:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And realize that everything is defined,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.85,0:11:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or created
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.00,0:11:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by science.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.89,0:11:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To understand the whole concept of science,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.35,0:11:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should know what a scientific theory is:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.55,0:11:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"A scientific theory
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.20,0:11:44.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comprises a collection of concepts,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.70,0:11:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including abstractions of observable phenomena,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.15,0:11:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,expressed as quantifiable properties,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.90,0:11:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,together with rules (called scientific laws)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.15,0:11:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that express relationships
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.90,0:11:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between observations of such concepts."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.85,0:12:01.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A scientific theory is constructed to conform to
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.00,0:12:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,available empirical data about such observations,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.35,0:12:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is put forth as a principle or body of principles
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.95,0:12:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for explaining a class of phenomena.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.73,0:12:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A scientific theory is totally different
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.25,0:12:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from any other theory,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.55,0:12:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is the most probable variant
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.90,0:12:21.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resulting from recent discoveries.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.85,0:12:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Science is the best tool ever devised
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.80,0:12:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for understanding how the world works.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.10,0:12:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Science is a very human form of knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.20,0:12:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are always at the brink of the known.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.30,0:12:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Science is a collaborative enterprise
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.60,0:12:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spanning new generations.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.70,0:12:53.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We remember those who prepared the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.00,0:12:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seeing through them also.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.80,0:12:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're scientifically literate
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.65,0:13:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world looks very different to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.50,0:13:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that understanding empowers you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.85,0:13:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's real poetry in the real world.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.10,0:13:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Science is the poetry of reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.70,0:13:18.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can do science, and with it,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.95,0:13:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can improve our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.20,0:13:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's real poetry in the real world.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.20,0:13:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Science is the poetry of reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.35,0:13:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The story of humans is the story of ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.35,0:13:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that shine light into dark corners.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.90,0:13:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists love mysteries, they love not knowing.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.50,0:13:48.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't feel frightened by not knowing things.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.70,0:13:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's much more interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.05,0:13:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a larger universal reality
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.75,0:13:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of which we are all a part.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.65,0:14:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The further we probe into the universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.42,0:14:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more remarkable are the discoveries we make.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.70,0:14:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The quest for the truth, in and of itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.35,0:14:09.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a story that's filled with insights.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.80,0:14:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's real poetry in the real world.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.95,0:14:22.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Science is the poetry of reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.60,0:14:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can do science, and with it,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.65,0:14:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can improve our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.95,0:14:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's real poetry in the real world.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.80,0:14:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Science is the poetry of reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.15,0:14:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The story of humans is the story of ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.50,0:14:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that shine light into dark corners.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.05,0:14:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From our lonely point in the cosmos,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.30,0:14:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have through the power of thought
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.10,0:14:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,been able to peer back to a brief moment
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.55,0:14:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after the beginning of the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.85,0:14:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that science
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.35,0:14:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changes the way your mind works.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.45,0:14:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To think a little more deeply about things.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.50,0:15:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Science replaces private prejudice
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.70,0:15:04.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with publicly verifiable evidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.35,0:15:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's real poetry in the real world.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.60,0:15:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Science is the poetry of reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.35,0:15:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can do science, and with it,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.55,0:15:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can improve our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.50,0:15:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Science is a great tool
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.50,0:15:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for understanding the surrounding world
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.75,0:15:24.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think of it as a magnifying glass
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.30,0:15:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through which you can see
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.40,0:15:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reality of the world.