1
00:00:34,520 --> 00:00:36,097
هل تستطيع سماعي؟

2
00:00:36,713 --> 00:00:37,555
نعم

3
00:00:37,642 --> 00:00:39,139
أعتقد أنك قادر على سماعي الآن 


4
00:00:39,300 --> 00:00:40,707
ولكنك لا تراني

5
00:00:41,000 --> 00:00:42,843
هذا لأنك تملك أذنين

6
00:00:43,185 --> 00:00:46,380
إذا أغلقت عينيك ولمست الشاشة

7
00:00:46,520 --> 00:00:47,892
ستعرف أنها هنا

8
00:00:47,980 --> 00:00:50,500
ستشعر بها عن طريق جلدك

9
00:00:50,600 --> 00:00:53,000
إذا لم يُسمح لك بلمسها

10
00:00:53,100 --> 00:00:54,788
على الأقل يمكنك شمها

11
00:00:54,888 --> 00:00:56,957
وبعد أن تشم رائحة البلاستيك الساخن

12
00:00:57,100 --> 00:01:00,294
ستعرف أن شاشتك هنا

13
00:01:00,500 --> 00:01:02,930
لحسن الحظ لديك أنف

14
00:01:03,063 --> 00:01:05,743
ولكن ماذا لو تذوقت الشاشة؟

15
00:01:06,262 --> 00:01:08,000
حسناً، سيكون ذلك أكثر صعوبة

16
00:01:08,150 --> 00:01:09,981
ولكنك بالتأكيد ستتذوق البلاستيك

17
00:01:10,073 --> 00:01:11,689
لأنك تملك لساناً

18
00:01:12,934 --> 00:01:14,800
إنك تفهم العالم من حولك

19
00:01:14,950 --> 00:01:17,369
وأعني كل شيء حولك

20
00:01:17,740 --> 00:01:19,064
من خلال حواسك الخمس

21
00:01:19,412 --> 00:01:20,852
إذا امتلكت أذنين

22
00:01:20,945 --> 00:01:21,923
يمكنك السمع

23
00:01:22,046 --> 00:01:23,200
وإذا ملكت عينين

24
00:01:23,284 --> 00:01:24,306
يمكنك الرؤية

25
00:01:24,706 --> 00:01:25,914
عن طريق جلدك

26
00:01:25,914 --> 00:01:26,920
أنت قادر على اللمس

27
00:01:26,920 --> 00:01:28,500
اللسان سيساعدك على التذوق

28
00:01:28,700 --> 00:01:31,989
وإذا ملكت أنفاً، فيمكنك الشم ّ

29
00:01:32,512 --> 00:01:37,453
العيون والآذان والأنف واللسان والجلد 
هي أدوات

30
00:01:37,561 --> 00:01:39,000
ولدت معك

31
00:01:39,100 --> 00:01:41,568
لتساعدك على فهم العالم من حولك

32
00:01:42,737 --> 00:01:44,953
ولكن كيف عرفت كل هذا؟

33
00:01:46,169 --> 00:01:47,746
ألأنك لاحظت ذلك فقط؟

34
00:01:48,453 --> 00:01:51,693
وكيف قسمتها إلى 5 حواس؟

35
00:02:26,000 --> 00:02:28,048
الإجابة هي العلم

36
00:02:28,048 --> 00:02:30,500
ولأن العالم معقد جداً

37
00:02:30,750 --> 00:02:33,554
نستخدم العلم لاكتشافه وتعريفه

38
00:02:33,554 --> 00:02:35,455
ولكن ماهو العلم؟

39
00:02:35,600 --> 00:02:38,150
هو فهم ودراسة الطبيعة عن
طريق الملاحظة والفهم والبرهنة

40
00:02:38,300 --> 00:02:40,661


41
00:02:40,761 --> 00:02:41,850
أو هو مجموع المعارف التي 
تم تحصيلها خلال البحث

42
00:02:42,000 --> 00:02:43,797


43
00:02:43,897 --> 00:02:47,568
وبالأساس مجموع الاختبارات والأرقام والأبحاث
كلها مجتمعةً يمكن أن تعرف العلم

44
00:02:47,701 --> 00:02:50,800


45
00:02:51,200 --> 00:02:52,000
ولكن كيف؟

46
00:02:52,500 --> 00:02:55,475
إن معظم الناس يعتبرون العلامات قيم

47
00:02:55,475 --> 00:02:58,445
وأفضل المجموعات المعروفة
هي أحرف وأرقام

48
00:02:58,445 --> 00:03:00,700
وكلها اختراعات تساعدنا

49
00:03:00,850 --> 00:03:03,016
على فهم بيئتنا

50
00:03:03,517 --> 00:03:05,000
ولفهم أفضل كيف جاءت

51
00:03:05,100 --> 00:03:06,920
تلك العلامات إلى الوجود

52
00:03:06,920 --> 00:03:10,457
لنشاهد ملخصاً لتاريخ الرياضيات:

53
00:03:14,444 --> 00:03:16,000
بحث البشر في العصور البدائية

54
00:03:16,300 --> 00:03:18,700
عن حلول للمشاكل الأساسية

55
00:03:19,750 --> 00:03:21,155
بناء البيوت، قياس المساحات

56
00:03:21,355 --> 00:03:23,900
متابعة الفصول وعد الأشياء

57
00:03:25,000 --> 00:03:26,350
قبل أكثر من 30 ألف سنة

58
00:03:26,500 --> 00:03:27,650
الناس في العصر الحجري

59
00:03:27,800 --> 00:03:29,476
تتبعوا مرور الفصول

60
00:03:29,476 --> 00:03:31,478
وتغيرات الجو من أجل الزراعة

61
00:03:32,200 --> 00:03:33,750
وليحتسبوا مرور الوقت

62
00:03:33,800 --> 00:03:36,049
حفروا علامات أرقام على جدران الكهوف

63
00:03:36,283 --> 00:03:38,986
أو حفروها على العظام أو الخشب أو الأحجار

64
00:03:38,986 --> 00:03:41,986
كل شخطة عبارة عن واحد

65
00:03:41,986 --> 00:03:43,100
ولكن هذا النظام كان مستهجناً

66
00:03:43,250 --> 00:03:44,558
حين يصل إلى أعداد كبيرة

67
00:03:44,558 --> 00:03:46,400
وفي نهاية المطاف تم اختراع الرموز

68
00:03:46,550 --> 00:03:48,195
والتي رمزت إلى مجموعة مواضيع

69
00:03:48,195 --> 00:03:50,550
تم إيجاد ألواح فخارية تعود للسومريين

70
00:03:50,700 --> 00:03:52,700
في الألف الرابع ق.م

71
00:03:53,400 --> 00:03:56,303
كان يرمز لـ1 بعمود فخاري صغير

72
00:03:56,303 --> 00:03:58,205
وللرقم 10 بكرة فخارية

73
00:03:58,205 --> 00:04:00,207
ومخروط كبير للرقم 60

74
00:04:01,000 --> 00:04:04,300
وتظهر التسجيلات المكتوبة
قبل سنة 3300 ق.م

75
00:04:04,350 --> 00:04:06,000
أن البابليين نقشوا الأرقام

76
00:04:06,150 --> 00:04:07,450
على ألواح فخارية من خلال القصبة

77
00:04:07,500 --> 00:04:09,983
واستخدموا شكل المسمار للآحاد

78
00:04:09,983 --> 00:04:12,553
و > للعشرات

79
00:04:12,553 --> 00:04:14,955
وتم جمع هذه الأرقام لكتابة الأرقام الأخرى

80
00:04:14,988 --> 00:04:15,750
مثلاً في الصورة:

81
00:04:15,850 --> 00:04:18,358
هكذا كتبوا الرقم 19

82
00:04:19,826 --> 00:04:21,800
كما استخدم المصريون القدماء الصور

83
00:04:21,950 --> 00:04:23,730
من حياتهم اليومية كرموز

84
00:04:23,730 --> 00:04:26,800
فالقصبة تمثل 1، والنير للـ 10

85
00:04:26,950 --> 00:04:28,000
والحبل المربوط لـ 100

86
00:04:28,150 --> 00:04:31,004
وزهرة اللوتس لـ 1000 وهلم جراً

87
00:04:31,400 --> 00:04:34,700
والرقم 19 كان نير و 9 قصبات

88
00:04:36,150 --> 00:04:37,850
والرمان القدماء اخترعوا نظام أرقام

89
00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:39,680
ومازلنا نراه اليوم

90
00:04:39,830 --> 00:04:40,850
وبجانب الرموز الأخرى

91
00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:43,650
استخدموا X لـ 10 و I لـلرقم 1

92
00:04:44,200 --> 00:04:45,000
وفي العصور الوسطى

93
00:04:45,100 --> 00:04:47,100
كان الرومان يضعون الـ I على يمين الـ X

94
00:04:47,250 --> 00:04:49,756
من أجل الرقم 11 وعلى اليسار لـلرقم 9

95
00:04:49,756 --> 00:04:52,259
فكتبوا الـ 19 : XIX

96
00:04:52,800 --> 00:04:54,450
كل أنظمة الأرقام الإبداعية هذه 


97
00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:57,500
تظهر مواضيع مجتمعة، ومواضيع منفردة

98
00:04:58,600 --> 00:05:00,300
بعض أقدم أنظمة العد البشرية

99
00:05:00,450 --> 00:05:02,700
تعتمد على أصابع القدمين والرجلين

100
00:05:02,850 --> 00:05:05,706
لذا كانت مينة على الآحاد والخمسات 
والعشرات والعشرينات

101
00:05:06,100 --> 00:05:07,950


102
00:05:08,100 --> 00:05:10,750


103
00:05:10,900 --> 00:05:12,450


104
00:05:12,600 --> 00:05:15,500


105
00:05:16,149 --> 00:05:18,250


106
00:05:18,450 --> 00:05:19,500


107
00:05:19,650 --> 00:05:21,889


108
00:05:21,889 --> 00:05:24,858


109
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110
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111
00:05:28,030 --> 00:05:29,863


112
00:05:29,989 --> 00:05:30,600


113
00:05:30,750 --> 00:05:36,300


114
00:05:36,700 --> 00:05:38,720


115
00:05:38,870 --> 00:05:41,050


116
00:05:41,200 --> 00:05:42,709


117
00:05:42,709 --> 00:05:44,150


118
00:05:44,300 --> 00:05:45,345


119
00:05:45,445 --> 00:05:47,600


120
00:05:47,700 --> 00:05:49,416


121
00:05:49,883 --> 00:05:51,500


122
00:05:51,650 --> 00:05:53,200


123
00:05:53,300 --> 00:05:55,756


124
00:05:55,800 --> 00:05:57,800


125
00:05:57,950 --> 00:06:00,100


126
00:06:00,600 --> 00:06:01,900


127
00:06:02,050 --> 00:06:04,300


128
00:06:04,665 --> 00:06:06,300


129
00:06:06,450 --> 00:06:09,800


130
00:06:10,150 --> 00:06:10,800


131
00:06:11,050 --> 00:06:13,300


132
00:06:14,700 --> 00:06:16,510


133
00:06:16,879 --> 00:06:19,279


134
00:06:19,279 --> 00:06:20,550


135
00:06:20,700 --> 00:06:22,400


136
00:06:22,649 --> 00:06:24,100


137
00:06:24,250 --> 00:06:26,550


138
00:06:27,888 --> 00:06:29,957


139
00:06:30,224 --> 00:06:32,100


140
00:06:32,250 --> 00:06:34,650


141
00:06:34,661 --> 00:06:37,064


142
00:06:37,064 --> 00:06:39,800


143
00:06:39,950 --> 00:06:41,600


144
00:06:41,700 --> 00:06:43,900


145
00:06:44,050 --> 00:06:44,700


146
00:06:46,039 --> 00:06:48,275


147
00:06:49,600 --> 00:06:51,450


148
00:06:51,600 --> 00:06:54,650


149
00:06:56,000 --> 00:07:00,153


150
00:07:00,654 --> 00:07:02,150


151
00:07:02,300 --> 00:07:03,650


152
00:07:04,200 --> 00:07:06,450


153
00:07:06,600 --> 00:07:08,900


154
00:07:09,530 --> 00:07:11,550


155
00:07:11,700 --> 00:07:13,250


156
00:07:13,400 --> 00:07:17,200


157
00:07:17,489 --> 00:07:19,000


158
00:07:19,150 --> 00:07:20,400


159
00:07:20,550 --> 00:07:23,350


160
00:07:25,212 --> 00:07:27,000


161
00:07:27,100 --> 00:07:30,117


162
00:07:30,751 --> 00:07:32,250


163
00:07:32,400 --> 00:07:33,400


164
00:07:33,500 --> 00:07:34,300


165
00:07:34,400 --> 00:07:37,850


166
00:07:38,125 --> 00:07:40,994


167
00:07:40,994 --> 00:07:42,596


168
00:07:43,700 --> 00:07:45,200


169
00:07:45,350 --> 00:07:46,350


170
00:07:46,450 --> 00:07:48,300


171
00:07:48,400 --> 00:07:49,350


172
00:07:49,500 --> 00:07:51,600


173
00:07:51,700 --> 00:07:54,500


174
00:07:55,600 --> 00:07:57,650


175
00:07:57,800 --> 00:08:00,200


176
00:08:00,848 --> 00:08:03,450


177
00:08:03,750 --> 00:08:05,000


178
00:08:05,150 --> 00:08:07,150


179
00:08:09,523 --> 00:08:12,192


180
00:08:13,093 --> 00:08:14,461


181
00:08:15,900 --> 00:08:16,950


182
00:08:17,100 --> 00:08:18,950


183
00:08:24,100 --> 00:08:26,600


184
00:08:26,750 --> 00:08:28,410


185
00:08:32,500 --> 00:08:34,900


186
00:08:40,799 --> 00:08:43,049


187
00:08:43,150 --> 00:08:46,050


188
00:08:46,150 --> 00:08:48,250


189
00:08:48,350 --> 00:08:50,430


190
00:08:51,000 --> 00:08:53,400


191
00:08:53,500 --> 00:08:55,950


192
00:08:56,700 --> 00:08:59,200


193
00:08:59,340 --> 00:09:02,000


194
00:09:02,150 --> 00:09:03,700


195
00:09:03,900 --> 00:09:06,250


196
00:09:06,700 --> 00:09:09,349


197
00:09:10,150 --> 00:09:12,050


198
00:09:12,200 --> 00:09:13,800


199
00:09:13,950 --> 00:09:15,150


200
00:09:15,300 --> 00:09:16,900


201
00:09:17,200 --> 00:09:18,000


202
00:09:18,150 --> 00:09:20,900


203
00:09:21,550 --> 00:09:23,050


204
00:09:23,200 --> 00:09:25,200


205
00:09:26,100 --> 00:09:27,600


206
00:09:27,750 --> 00:09:29,600


207
00:09:29,850 --> 00:09:31,100


208
00:09:31,250 --> 00:09:33,300


209
00:09:33,450 --> 00:09:34,550


210
00:09:34,700 --> 00:09:36,850


211
00:09:37,500 --> 00:09:40,450


212
00:09:40,600 --> 00:09:43,400


213
00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:55,300


214
00:09:55,400 --> 00:09:57,050


215
00:09:57,200 --> 00:09:59,100


216
00:09:59,250 --> 00:10:00,850


217
00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:03,550


218
00:10:03,700 --> 00:10:05,800


219
00:10:05,950 --> 00:10:07,950


220
00:10:08,100 --> 00:10:10,100


221
00:10:10,250 --> 00:10:11,650


222
00:10:11,800 --> 00:10:14,050


223
00:10:15,300 --> 00:10:17,250


224
00:10:17,400 --> 00:10:20,500


225
00:10:20,650 --> 00:10:23,200


226
00:10:23,500 --> 00:10:28,400


227
00:10:28,550 --> 00:10:31,750


228
00:10:31,900 --> 00:10:35,450


229
00:10:35,600 --> 00:10:38,950


230
00:10:39,200 --> 00:10:41,074


231
00:10:41,074 --> 00:10:43,710


232
00:10:44,378 --> 00:10:46,146


233
00:10:46,246 --> 00:10:48,282


234
00:10:48,700 --> 00:10:50,551


235
00:10:51,118 --> 00:10:53,551


236
00:10:54,221 --> 00:10:56,957


237
00:10:57,300 --> 00:10:58,892


238
00:11:00,027 --> 00:11:02,963


239
00:11:03,096 --> 00:11:05,599


240
00:11:06,466 --> 00:11:08,635


241
00:11:08,936 --> 00:11:11,305


242
00:11:11,738 --> 00:11:13,974


243
00:11:14,708 --> 00:11:17,845


244
00:11:20,200 --> 00:11:22,700


245
00:11:22,850 --> 00:11:24,800


246
00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:27,200


247
00:11:33,894 --> 00:11:36,200


248
00:11:36,350 --> 00:11:40,400


249
00:11:40,550 --> 00:11:42,050


250
00:11:42,200 --> 00:11:44,550


251
00:11:44,700 --> 00:11:48,000


252
00:11:48,150 --> 00:11:50,750


253
00:11:50,900 --> 00:11:54,000


254
00:11:54,150 --> 00:11:55,750


255
00:11:55,900 --> 00:11:58,700


256
00:11:58,850 --> 00:12:01,850


257
00:12:02,000 --> 00:12:05,200


258
00:12:05,350 --> 00:12:08,800


259
00:12:08,950 --> 00:12:11,200


260
00:12:11,732 --> 00:12:14,100


261
00:12:14,250 --> 00:12:15,300


262
00:12:15,550 --> 00:12:17,750


263
00:12:17,900 --> 00:12:21,450


264
00:12:32,850 --> 00:12:36,100


265
00:12:36,800 --> 00:12:38,950


266
00:12:39,100 --> 00:12:42,000


267
00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:44,800


268
00:12:45,300 --> 00:12:47,450


269
00:12:47,600 --> 00:12:49,600


270
00:12:50,700 --> 00:12:53,250


271
00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:56,550


272
00:12:56,800 --> 00:12:58,500


273
00:12:58,650 --> 00:13:00,300


274
00:13:00,500 --> 00:13:03,300


275
00:13:08,850 --> 00:13:11,700


276
00:13:12,100 --> 00:13:15,250


277
00:13:15,700 --> 00:13:18,150


278
00:13:18,950 --> 00:13:20,900


279
00:13:21,200 --> 00:13:23,950


280
00:13:24,200 --> 00:13:27,100


281
00:13:27,350 --> 00:13:30,100


282
00:13:30,350 --> 00:13:33,550


283
00:13:39,900 --> 00:13:44,500


284
00:13:45,500 --> 00:13:48,350


285
00:13:48,700 --> 00:13:51,460


286
00:13:52,050 --> 00:13:54,600


287
00:13:54,750 --> 00:13:57,500


288
00:13:57,650 --> 00:14:00,350


289
00:14:00,423 --> 00:14:03,550


290
00:14:03,700 --> 00:14:06,250


291
00:14:06,350 --> 00:14:09,350


292
00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:18,500


293
00:14:18,950 --> 00:14:22,250


294
00:14:22,600 --> 00:14:25,050


295
00:14:25,650 --> 00:14:27,600


296
00:14:27,950 --> 00:14:30,600


297
00:14:30,800 --> 00:14:34,000


298
00:14:34,150 --> 00:14:37,350


299
00:14:37,500 --> 00:14:39,950


300
00:14:40,050 --> 00:14:43,000


301
00:14:43,300 --> 00:14:45,850


302
00:14:46,100 --> 00:14:48,850


303
00:14:49,550 --> 00:14:51,700


304
00:14:51,850 --> 00:14:53,200


305
00:14:53,350 --> 00:14:55,300


306
00:14:55,450 --> 00:14:58,150


307
00:14:58,500 --> 00:15:01,550


308
00:15:01,700 --> 00:15:04,150


309
00:15:04,350 --> 00:15:07,300


310
00:15:07,600 --> 00:15:10,950


311
00:15:11,350 --> 00:15:14,400


312
00:15:14,550 --> 00:15:16,300


313
00:15:16,500 --> 00:15:19,350


314
00:15:19,500 --> 00:15:21,600


315
00:15:21,750 --> 00:15:24,150


316
00:15:24,300 --> 00:15:26,250


317
00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:30,000