[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.99,0:00:09.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today ,more than half of all people in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.45,0:00:11.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,live in an urban area.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.37,0:00:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By mid-century, this will increase to 70%.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.69,0:00:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as recently as 100 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.78,0:00:19.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only two out of ten people lived in a city,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.49,0:00:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and before that, it was even less.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.62,0:00:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How have we reached
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.70,0:00:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such a high degree of urbanization,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.78,0:00:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what does it mean for our future?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.18,0:00:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the earliest days of human history,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.25,0:00:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humans were hunter-gatherers,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.00,0:00:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often moving from place to place
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.71,0:00:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in search of food.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.15,0:00:36.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But about 10,000 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.74,0:00:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our ancestors began to learn the secrets
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.83,0:00:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of selective breeding
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.20,0:00:42.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and early agricultural techniques.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.61,0:00:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the first time,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.88,0:00:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people could raise food
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.11,0:00:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than search for it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.56,0:00:47.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this led to the development
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.94,0:00:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of semi-permanent villages
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.52,0:00:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the first time in history.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.78,0:00:54.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Why only semi-permanent?" you might ask.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.27,0:00:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, at first, the villages still had to relocate
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.04,0:00:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every few years
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.46,0:01:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the soil became depleted.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.44,0:01:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was only with the advent of techniques
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.33,0:01:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like irrigation and soil tilling
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.50,0:01:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 5,000 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.04,0:01:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people could rely on a steady
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.66,0:01:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and long-term supply of food,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.50,0:01:11.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making permanent settlements possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.91,0:01:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with the food surpluses
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.43,0:01:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these techniques produced,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.06,0:01:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was no longer necessary for everyone to farm.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.60,0:01:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This allowed the development
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.99,0:01:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of other specialized trades,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.68,0:01:22.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, by extension, cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.57,0:01:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With cities now producing surplus food,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.99,0:01:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as tools,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.97,0:01:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crafts,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.44,0:01:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other goods,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.57,0:01:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was now the possibility of commerce
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.51,0:01:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and interaction over longer distances.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.40,0:01:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as trade flourished,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.74,0:01:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so did technologies that facilitated it,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.55,0:01:39.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like carts,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.47,0:01:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ships,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.90,0:01:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,roads,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.96,0:01:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ports.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.15,0:01:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, these things required even more labor
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.32,0:01:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build and maintain,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.79,0:01:47.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so more people were drawn
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.99,0:01:49.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the countryside to the cities
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.79,0:01:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as more jobs and opportunities
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.25,0:01:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became available.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.96,0:01:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think modern cities are overcrowded,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.14,0:01:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you may be surprised to learn
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.46,0:01:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that some cities in 2000 B.C. had population densities
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.91,0:02:03.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nearly twice as high as that of Shanghai or Calcutta.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.91,0:02:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One reason for this
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.90,0:02:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that transportation was not widely available,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.52,0:02:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so everything had to be within walking distance,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.15,0:02:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the few sources of clean water
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.16,0:02:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that existed then.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.77,0:02:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the land area of the city
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.41,0:02:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was further restricted by the need for walls
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.65,0:02:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to defend against attacks.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.12,0:02:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Roman Empire was able to develop infrastructure
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.99,0:02:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to overcome these limitations,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.04,0:02:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but other than that,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.33,0:02:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,modern cities as we know them,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.63,0:02:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't really get their start
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.94,0:02:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the Industrial Revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.94,0:02:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when new technology deployed on a mass scale
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.70,0:02:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allowed cities to expand and integrate further,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.39,0:02:37.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,establishing police,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.67,0:02:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fire,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.27,0:02:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sanitation departments,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.78,0:02:41.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as road networks,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.34,0:02:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and later electricity distribution.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.82,0:02:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what is the future of cities?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.57,0:02:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Global population is currently more than 7 billion
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.48,0:02:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is predicted to top out around 10 billion.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.23,0:02:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of this growth will occur
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.73,0:02:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the urban areas of the world's poorest countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.02,0:02:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how will cities need to change
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.94,0:03:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to accommodate this growth?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.13,0:03:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, the world will need to seek ways
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.31,0:03:04.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to provide adequate food,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.75,0:03:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sanitation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.71,0:03:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and education for all people.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.95,0:03:09.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, growth will need to happen
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.83,0:03:11.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a way that does not damage the land
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.71,0:03:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that provides us with the goods and services
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.80,0:03:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that support the human population.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.16,0:03:18.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Food production might move
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.59,0:03:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to vertical farms and skyscrapers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.71,0:03:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rooftop gardens,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.80,0:03:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or vacant lots in city centers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.27,0:03:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while power will increasingly come
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.80,0:03:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from multiple sources of renewable energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.69,0:03:30.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of single-family homes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.73,0:03:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more residences will be built vertically.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.34,0:03:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We may see buildings that contain everything
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.30,0:03:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people need for their daily life,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.62,0:03:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as a smaller, self-sufficient cities
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.58,0:03:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,focused on local and sustainable production.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.70,0:03:44.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The future of cities is diverse,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.79,0:03:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,malleable,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.47,0:03:46.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and creative,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.33,0:03:48.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no longer built around a single industry,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.59,0:03:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but reflecting an increasingly connected
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.97,0:03:53.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and global world.