Do larger animals take longer to pee? - David L. Hu
-
0:08 - 0:12A cat’s bladder can only store
a golf ball’s worth of urine. -
0:12 - 0:17For humans, it’s a coffee mug
and for elephants, a kitchen trash can. -
0:17 - 0:21An elephant’s bladder is 400 times
the size of a cat’s, -
0:21 - 0:25but it doesn’t take an elephant 400 times
longer to pee. -
0:25 - 0:27So, how does this work?
-
0:27 - 0:33The answer lies in what scientists call
the “Other Golden Rule.” -
0:33 - 0:38It applies to mammals, which pee out
some of their wastes in a yellowy liquid. -
0:38 - 0:42Other classes of animals use different
systems and methods to excrete waste. -
0:42 - 0:48The Rule describes how urinary organs
and forces change with body size, -
0:48 - 0:53enabling a range of mammals
to achieve similarly rapid relief. -
0:53 - 0:57There are two main factors
contributing to urination speed: -
0:57 - 1:00bladder pressure and gravity.
-
1:00 - 1:04Bladder pressure is created
when mammals contract their muscles -
1:04 - 1:06to squeeze urine out.
-
1:06 - 1:10This pressure is equal to the applied
muscular force per unit area but, -
1:10 - 1:13since these factors scale proportionally,
-
1:13 - 1:18bladder pressure doesn’t actually
change much depending on body size. -
1:18 - 1:24Meanwhile, the effects of gravity
do vary across species. -
1:24 - 1:28Mammals have a pipe-like organ
called the urethra -
1:28 - 1:31that transports urine
from a higher elevation to a lower one— -
1:31 - 1:36specifically, from the bladder
down to where urine exits the body. -
1:36 - 1:41In doing so, the urethra harnesses
the power of Torricelli’s Law, -
1:41 - 1:45which states that flow rate
increases with container height. -
1:45 - 1:49Take these two containers holding
the same volume of liquid. -
1:49 - 1:52When identically punctured at the bottom,
-
1:52 - 1:55the vertical container drains
nearly twice as fast. -
1:55 - 2:00This is because the water’s falling
from a greater elevation difference. -
2:00 - 2:06By transporting urine from high to low,
the urethra has a similar effect. -
2:06 - 2:09The urethra is probably not perfectly
vertical, -
2:09 - 2:13so its length doesn’t tell us exactly
how far the urine falls. -
2:13 - 2:16However, it’s a good approximation.
-
2:16 - 2:20The urethra’s diameter
also affects flow rate. -
2:20 - 2:24When that vertical container’s exit hole
has a larger diameter, -
2:24 - 2:28the water drains out even faster.
-
2:28 - 2:32The length and diameter
of an animal’s urethra varies -
2:32 - 2:36depending on its species
and whether it has a penis or vagina. -
2:36 - 2:40For example, a female elephant
has a meter-long urethra -
2:40 - 2:43with a thirty-five millimeter diameter.
-
2:43 - 2:48A person with a vagina has a urethra
that is more than 20 times shorter -
2:48 - 2:51and 5 times thinner.
-
2:51 - 2:55The elephant’s longer, wider urethra
is what allows it to urinate -
2:55 - 2:59for a comparable amount
of time as a human. -
2:59 - 3:02Indeed, if an elephant had the urethra
of a housecat, -
3:02 - 3:06it might take it about 2 hours
to drain its bladder. -
3:06 - 3:09It’s hypothesized
that the Other Golden Rule -
3:09 - 3:14is conserved because quicker pees
may both reduce vulnerability to predators -
3:14 - 3:17and flush out disease-causing pathogens.
-
3:17 - 3:20But the Rule has limitations.
-
3:20 - 3:23It’s only been shown to apply
to non-aquatic mammals. -
3:23 - 3:27And the Rule doesn’t apply to mammals
under three kilograms. -
3:27 - 3:31They actually pee in droplets,
not continuous streams, -
3:31 - 3:36because surface tension
breaks up their tiny jets of urine. -
3:36 - 3:39Even within non-aquatic mammals
above three kilograms, -
3:39 - 3:43different behaviors disrupt
the Other Golden Rule. -
3:43 - 3:46Male dogs don’t always fully empty
their bladders -
3:46 - 3:51and will instead tinkle in short spurts
to mark their territory. -
3:51 - 3:57Male pandas sometimes pee in handstands,
marking bark higher up on trees -
3:57 - 4:01in order to broadcast their scent
to potential mates. -
4:01 - 4:06Handstand pees take longer
because urine must work against gravity. -
4:06 - 4:09Underwater pees are also lengthier
-
4:09 - 4:13because the external water pressure
counteracts the internal forces -
4:13 - 4:17resulting from elevation difference.
-
4:17 - 4:21Whether it’s with the intensity
of a fire hydrant or a squirt gun, -
4:21 - 4:25this system swiftly delivers our urine
to the outside world.
- Title:
- Do larger animals take longer to pee? - David L. Hu
- Speaker:
- David L. Hu
- Description:
-
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/do-larger-animals-take-longer-to-pee-david-l-hu
A cat’s bladder can only store a golf ball’s worth of urine. For humans, it’s a coffee mug and for elephants, a kitchen trash can. An elephant’s bladder is 400 times the size of a cat’s, but it doesn’t take an elephant 400 times longer to pee. So, how does this work? David L. Hu digs into what scientists call the “Other Golden Rule.”
Lesson by David L. Hu, directed by Anton Bogaty.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 04:28
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