How to build a better spacesuit for a human mission to Mars | Allison Anderson | TEDxMileHigh
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0:11 - 0:13Fifty years ago, this past July,
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0:13 - 0:17humans set foot on the moon for first time
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0:17 - 0:20and redefined how we think
about our planet. -
0:21 - 0:26Every time you've ever seen a person
waking on the moon or in space, -
0:26 - 0:29they've been wearing a spacesuit.
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0:30 - 0:34The spacesuit embodies what it means
to be a part of human kind - -
0:34 - 0:39to explore and to achieve
something we thought was impossible. -
0:39 - 0:42But it's not just
a simple piece of clothing. -
0:42 - 0:47The spacesuit is one of the greatest
technical engineering feat ever achieved. -
0:48 - 0:50It does everything a spacecraft does
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0:50 - 0:52to keep a person alive
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0:52 - 0:54except it's wearable.
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0:56 - 0:57But despite how advanced it is,
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0:57 - 1:00the spacesuit is
surprisingly dangerous to wear. -
1:01 - 1:03You'd never know just by looking at it,
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1:03 - 1:06but this suit injures astronauts:
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1:07 - 1:11bruises, sprains, pinched nerves,
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1:11 - 1:14and even lost fingernails.
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1:14 - 1:1823 astronauts have needed
shoulder surgeries -
1:18 - 1:21to repair injuries
like torn rotator cuffs. -
1:22 - 1:26If something like that happened
on the surface of the moon or Mars, -
1:26 - 1:28it could destroy the mission.
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1:29 - 1:31Bottom line - improving the spacesuit
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1:31 - 1:35is one of the biggest barriers
to human space exploration -
1:35 - 1:37that no one's talking about.
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1:38 - 1:42I believe one of the most important things
we can do to advance science -
1:42 - 1:44is to send a human to Mars.
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1:45 - 1:48We've learned so much
from our robotic explorers, -
1:48 - 1:50but they're so limited.
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1:50 - 1:53One person on that planet's surface
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1:53 - 1:56could unlock the history
of how our solar system formed, -
1:57 - 1:59or possibly even how life began.
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2:00 - 2:03It'll take billions of dollars
to send people to Mars, -
2:03 - 2:07but you don't just go to Mars to stay
inside your habitat the whole time. -
2:08 - 2:11Astronauts will be exploring
and wearing the suit -
2:11 - 2:13a lot.
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2:13 - 2:14With current NASA plans,
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2:14 - 2:18if you sent five people
to the surface for 500 days, -
2:18 - 2:21that'd be about 1,000 space walks
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2:21 - 2:23over the course of one mission.
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2:23 - 2:25For perspective,
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2:25 - 2:28we've done just over 400 spacewalks
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2:28 - 2:32in the entire history
of human space flight. -
2:32 - 2:35That's an insane jump in capability.
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2:36 - 2:40If we're going to pull this off -
and I believe that we will - -
2:40 - 2:44we need to radically
redefine the spacesuit. -
2:45 - 2:47I became interested in space exploration
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2:47 - 2:49in the third grade
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2:49 - 2:52when my teacher spent the day
telling us about astronauts. -
2:53 - 2:58It was the first time I really understood
that people could go there. -
2:59 - 3:03Since that time, human space flight
has been the driving passion of my life. -
3:03 - 3:05But I only began to understand
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3:05 - 3:09how hard it is for astronauts
to work inside their spacesuits -
3:09 - 3:10when I went to graduate school.
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3:10 - 3:15The spacesuit is pressurized with oxygen
to allow people to breathe, -
3:15 - 3:18but that pressure
makes it stiff and rigid. -
3:19 - 3:21Think about trying
to make a balloon animal. -
3:21 - 3:23When you bend the balloon,
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3:23 - 3:26It wants to spring back
to its original position. -
3:27 - 3:29Engineers have tried to solve this problem
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3:29 - 3:33by designing the suit's joints
with pleats and bearings, -
3:33 - 3:38but it still forces people
to move in awkward and unnatural ways. -
3:39 - 3:40To move in the suit,
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3:40 - 3:44first you have to move your body
until it makes contact with the suit. -
3:44 - 3:47Only then does the suit
itself start to move. -
3:47 - 3:49You can't just reach up
and touch your head, -
3:49 - 3:50like this;
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3:50 - 3:54instead, astronauts
have to roll out their shoulder -
3:54 - 3:57and then bend their elbow
to touch their helmet. -
3:58 - 4:01That's hard enough to remember
how to do here on Earth, -
4:01 - 4:03let alone when you're
outside your spacecraft, -
4:03 - 4:07travelling at over 17,000 miles per hour.
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4:07 - 4:09Fit is another major issue.
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4:09 - 4:11In March 2019,
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4:11 - 4:14NASA had to cancel
the first all-female spacewalk -
4:14 - 4:17because the suits available
didn't fit the crew members, -
4:17 - 4:19and it would have taken too much time
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4:19 - 4:23to put together a different suit,
on orbit, that was the right size. -
4:24 - 4:28So pressure plus fit
is why astronauts get beat up -
4:28 - 4:30every time they work inside the suit.
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4:31 - 4:36And that's why I've dedicated my career
to designing a better spacesuit. -
4:37 - 4:42The first step is to understand
how people move while wearing the suit. -
4:42 - 4:44You can't just see inside
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4:44 - 4:47to understand how and why
astronauts are getting injured. -
4:47 - 4:51So, together with
my students at CU Boulder, -
4:51 - 4:53we're developing wearable sensors
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4:53 - 4:54to go inside
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4:54 - 4:57to measure how people move
and interact with the suit. -
4:58 - 5:00With this data,
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5:00 - 5:01we hope to be able to predict
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5:01 - 5:04whether or not the suit
will be comfortable -
5:04 - 5:05or cause injuries
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5:05 - 5:07after someone wears it
a couple hundred times. -
5:08 - 5:12When humans take their first steps
onto the surface of Mars, -
5:12 - 5:15their boots will make the first impact.
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5:16 - 5:19Astronauts haven't needed
to walk in their spacesuits -
5:19 - 5:23since Apollo astronauts
left the moon in 1972. -
5:23 - 5:28Because the boot is also pressurized,
the foot isn't secured inside of it. -
5:28 - 5:30It'd be like wearing
a pair of hiking shoes -
5:30 - 5:33that are several sizes too large for you.
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5:33 - 5:35Every time you take a step,
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5:35 - 5:37the heel lifts out of the back,
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5:37 - 5:41causing blisters, wasted energy
and awkward movement. -
5:41 - 5:42The thing is,
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5:42 - 5:46if you get a blister on a hike,
you just have a bad hike. -
5:46 - 5:49If you get a blister
on the surface of Mars, -
5:49 - 5:50it's hard to do your job.
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5:51 - 5:53And it can be even more painful than that.
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5:54 - 5:56One astronaut had a boot issue -
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5:56 - 5:59they said it felt
like a knife's edge of pain. -
6:00 - 6:02To design a better spacesuit boot,
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6:02 - 6:06my student Aubie has built
a four-dimensional motion capture system -
6:06 - 6:09that measures the shape
of the foot while walking. -
6:09 - 6:10With this data,
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6:10 - 6:14we plan to redesign
how the foot fits inside the boot -
6:14 - 6:18to ensure our astronauts
can explore further and further. -
6:19 - 6:23But if we really want to revolutionize
spacesuits for Mars, -
6:23 - 6:24we have to protect the body
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6:24 - 6:27in a fundamentally
different way than we do now. -
6:28 - 6:31I believe the solution
for a Martian spacesuit -
6:31 - 6:34relies on a skin-tight elastic concept,
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6:34 - 6:38first proposed in the 1960s
by Dr. Paul Webb. -
6:38 - 6:41It uses a concept called
mechanical counterpressure, -
6:41 - 6:45which means that rather than using
an inflated garment -
6:45 - 6:46to apply pressure to the skin,
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6:46 - 6:49the suit itself squeezes the body.
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6:50 - 6:53Unfortunately, these suits
have never really gained traction, -
6:53 - 6:54because it's so difficult
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6:54 - 6:57to create pressure
over the complex shapes of the body, -
6:57 - 6:59like the armpit.
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6:59 - 7:03When I was a graduate student,
my adviser sent me to Italy -
7:03 - 7:07to work with a company, Dainese,
that designs motorcycle racing suits. -
7:08 - 7:09David told me,
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7:09 - 7:12"These people are the best designers
you will ever meet." -
7:13 - 7:16I want you to use your engineering skills
with their design skills -
7:16 - 7:20and design some mechanical
counterpressure spacesuit prototypes." -
7:21 - 7:23So, off to Italy I went.
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7:23 - 7:27That summer was one of the most
creative and inspiring experiences -
7:27 - 7:29I have had as an engineer.
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7:30 - 7:34Every day, Stefano and I would whip up
some new spacesuit prototype, -
7:34 - 7:36test it and then change the design,
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7:37 - 7:41always getting closer to
a mechanical counterpressure spacesuit, -
7:41 - 7:46but we're still a long ways away
from something that's spaceflight ready. -
7:47 - 7:52Since that time, I've continued to work
with this team of friends from MIT, -
7:52 - 7:53the University of Minnesota,
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7:53 - 7:57the Royal Melbourne Institute
of Technology in Australia, -
7:57 - 8:00David Clark company and NASA
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8:00 - 8:03to continue pushing
on these design issues. -
8:05 - 8:06In my lab now,
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8:06 - 8:11we're challenging how we think about using
mechanical counterpressure in spacesuits. -
8:11 - 8:14Instead of choosing
either mechanical counterpressure -
8:14 - 8:16or gas pressure,
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8:16 - 8:18why can't we choose both?
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8:20 - 8:22If we cut the design problem in half
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8:22 - 8:27and apply, say, 50% of the pressure
with a tight elastic suit layer -
8:27 - 8:33and the other 50% with a traditional
gas pressurized suit like we use now, -
8:33 - 8:38we'd be able to protect our astronauts
with a suit that's less stiff and rigid -
8:38 - 8:41but also safer through redundancy.
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8:42 - 8:44And a suit like that
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8:44 - 8:47would enable a human mission to Mars.
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8:48 - 8:50I believe I will be lucky enough
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8:50 - 8:54to see people walking
on the surface of Mars before I die. -
8:54 - 8:59But to make a mission
of that magnitude worthwhile, -
8:59 - 9:02we have to ensure
our astronauts stay safe. -
9:03 - 9:06And we have to ensure
they're able to explore and do science -
9:06 - 9:09day after day after day.
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9:09 - 9:14It's time to imagine a new design
for our iconic spacesuit. -
9:14 - 9:15Thank you.
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9:15 - 9:18(Applause)
- Title:
- How to build a better spacesuit for a human mission to Mars | Allison Anderson | TEDxMileHigh
- Description:
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The spacesuit is one of the greatest technical engineering feats ever achieved. But did you know it causes significant injuries to astronauts? Bruises, sprains, pinched nerves, lost fingernails and even torn rotator cuffs. If we're going to send astronauts to Mars safely and successfully, we must redesign the iconic spacesuit first. Aerospace engineer Allison Anderson will show us how.
Dr. Allison Anderson is an Assistant Professor at the University of Colorado Boulder Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences and an Adjunct Professor in Integrative Physiology. Her work focuses on aerospace biomedical engineering and human physiology in extreme environments, with the goal of enabling a human mission to Mars. She received a Ph.D. from MIT and a postdoctoral fellowship from the National Space Biomedical Research Institute. She grew up on a farm in rural Missouri, is the fourth child of five, and is now a private pilot.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at https://www.ted.com/tedx
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 09:32