[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have cancer. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sadly, about 40 percent of us will hear\Nthose three words within our lifetime, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and half will not survive. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This means that two of five\Nof your closest friends and relatives Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be diagnosed\Nwith some form of cancer, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one will die. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Beyond the physical harships, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,roughly one-third of cancer\Nsurvivors here in the US Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will go into debt from treatment. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're at least two-and-a-half times\Nmore likely to declare bankruptcy Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than those without cancer. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This disease is pervasive. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's emotionally drainging, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for many, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,financially destructive. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a cancer diagnosis doesn't\Nhave to be a death sentence. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finding cancer early, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,closer its genesis, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the critical factors\Nto improving treatment options, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reducing its emotional impact Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and minimizing financial burdens. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most importantly, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finding cancer early -- Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is one of the primary\Naims of my research -- Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,greatly enhances your odds of survival. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we just look at the case\Nof breast cancer for example, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we find that those who are diagnosed\Nand treated as Stage One Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a five-year survival rate\Nof nearly 100 percent. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Odds that decrease to just 22 percent\Nif treated at Stage Four. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And similar trends are found\Nfor cholorectal and ovarian cancer. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we're all aware that an early\Ndiagnosis that is accurate Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is critical for survival. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is that many cancer\Ndiagnostic tools are invasive, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,costly, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often inaccurate, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they can take an agonizing amount\Nof time to get the results back. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still worse, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to some forms of cancer, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as ovarian, liver\Nor pancreatic cancer, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good screening methods simply don't exist, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning often people wait until\Nphysical symptoms surface, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are themselves already indicators\Nof late stage progression. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like a tornado strike in an area\Nwithout an early warning system, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is no alarm to warn Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the danger is already\Nat your doorstep ... Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when your odds of survival\Nare greatly reduced. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Having the convenience and accessibility\Nof regular screening options Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are affordable, noninvasive\Nand could provide results much sooner, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would provide us with a formidable\Nweapon in the fight against cancer. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An early warning would allow us\Nto get out ahead of the disease Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of merely following\Nin its relentless wake. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is exactly what I've been doing. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the past three years, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been developing technologies Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could ultimately aid clinicians Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with rapid, early-stage\Ncancer diagnostics. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've been fueled by a deep\Nscientific curiosity, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a passion to change these statistics. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last year however, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this fight became much more personal Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when my wife was diagnosed\Nwith breast cancer. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was an experience that added a strong\Nand unexpected emotional dimension Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to these efforts. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know firsthand how life-altering\Ntreatment can be, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm keenly aware\Nof the emotional havoc Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that cancer and wreak on a family, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which in our case included\Nour two young daughters. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we found it early\Nduring a routine mamogram, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were able to focus primarly\Non treatment options Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the localized tumor, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reaffirming to me how important\Nan early diagnosis is. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike other forms of cancer, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mamograms do offer an early stage\Nscreening option for breast cancer. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still, not everyone has this done, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they may develop cancer before\Nthe middle age recommendation Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for having a mamogram. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, there's still a lot\Nof room for improvement, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even for cancers that do\Nhave screening options. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,considerable benefits\Nfor those that don't. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A key challenge then\Nfor cancer researchers Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to develop methods Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make regular screening for many\Ntypes of cancers much more accessible. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine a scenario where during\Nyour regular checkup, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your doctor can take a simple,\Nnoninvasive urine sample, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or other liquid biopsy, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and present you with the results\Nbefore you even leave the doctor's office. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such a technology could dramatically\Nreduce the number of people Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who slipped through the net\Nof an early stage cancer diagnosis. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My research team\Nof engineers and biochemists Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is working on exactly this challenge. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're working on ways to frequently\Nactivate an early stage cancer alarm Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by enable regular screenings that would\Nstart when a person is healthy Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that action could be taken to stop\Ncancer the moment it emerges, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and before it can progress\Nbeyond its infancy. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The silver bullet in this case\Nare tiny [vesacilles], Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little escape pods regularly shed\Nby cells called [exosomes]. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Exosomes are important biomarkers\Nthat provide an early warning system Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the development of cancer. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because they're abundantly present\Nin just about every bodily fluid, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including blood, urine and saliva, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're extremely attractive\Nfor noninvasive, liquid biopsies. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's just one problem. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And automated system for rapidly sorting\Nthese important biomarkers Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not currently available. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've created a technology\Nthat we call "Nano DOD" Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is capable of precisely this. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Automated exome isolation Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to aid rapid cancer diagnostics. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Exosomes are the newest early\Nwarning weapon if you will Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to emerge on the liquid biopsy front. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're really, really small. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They measure just 30 to 150\Nnanometers in diameter. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is so tiny Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you could fit about a million\Nof them into a single red blood cell. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's roughly the difference\Nbetween a golf ball Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a fine grain piece of sand. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once thought to be little bins\Nfor unwanted cellular waste, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has been found that cells\Nactually communicate Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by producing and absorbing these exosomes Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which contain surface receptors, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proteins Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other genetic material collected\Nfrom their cell of origin. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When absorbed by a neighboring cell, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exosomes release their contents\Ninto the receiving cell, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can set in motion fundamental\Nchanges in gene expression.