[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.02,0:00:11.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh the humanity!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.73,0:00:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah... humanity...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.21,0:00:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s a trainwreck,\Nbut I can’t look away.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.21,0:00:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s 1843, and a debate is raging \Namong physicians
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.58,0:00:28.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about one of the most common \Nkillers of women: childbed fever.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.09,0:00:31.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Childbed fever strikes \Nwithin days of giving birth,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.57,0:00:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,killing more than 70% of those infected—\Nand nobody knows what causes it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.98,0:00:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obstetrician Charles Meigs has a theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.85,0:00:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Having observed abdominal inflammation
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.93,0:00:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in patients who go on \Nto develop the fever,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.50,0:00:51.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he claims this inflammation \Nis the cause of childbed fever.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.11,0:00:54.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much of the medical establishment\Nsupports his theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.95,0:00:56.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, come on!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.42,0:01:01.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They really leave me no choice \Nbut to teach them some skepticism.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.89,0:01:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s better.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.87,0:01:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Meigs, your argument is based \Non a fallacy— the false cause fallacy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.69,0:01:25.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Correlation does not imply causation:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.69,0:01:28.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When two phenomena regularly occur\Ntogether,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.93,0:01:33.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one does not necessarily \Ncause the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.72,0:01:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you say women who have inflammation\Nalso come down with childbed fever,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.67,0:01:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,therefore the inflammation \Ncaused the fever.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.67,0:01:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that’s not necessarily true.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.97,0:01:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, yes, the inflammation comes first,\Nthen the fever,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.12,0:01:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it seems like the inflammation \Ncauses the fever.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.12,0:02:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But by that logic, since babies \Nusually grow hair before teeth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.40,0:02:03.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hair growth must cause tooth growth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.63,0:02:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we all know that’s not true,\Nright?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.46,0:02:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, don’t answer that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.28,0:02:11.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A couple of different things \Ncould be going on here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.99,0:02:16.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, it’s possible that fever \Nand inflammation are correlated
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.67,0:02:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,purely by coincidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.59,0:02:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, there could be a causal relationship\Nthat’s the opposite of what you think—
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.63,0:02:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fever causes the inflammation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.63,0:02:31.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than the inflammation \Ncausing the fever.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.75,0:02:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or both could share a common \Nunderlying cause you haven’t thought of.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.54,0:02:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I may, just what do you think \Ncauses inflammation? Nothing?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.06,0:02:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It just is? Really?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.52,0:02:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humor me for a moment in discussing\None of your colleague’s ideas—
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.26,0:02:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.85,0:03:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know, I know, \Nyou don’t like his theory—
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.16,0:03:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you already wrote \Na scathing letter about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.38,0:03:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let’s fill your students in, shall we?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.48,0:03:12.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Holmes noticed a pattern: \Nwhen a patient dies of childbed fever,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.29,0:03:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a doctor performs an autopsy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.20,0:03:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the doctor then treats a new patient,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.60,0:03:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that patient often comes \Ndown with the fever.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.60,0:03:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Based on this correlation
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.09,0:03:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between autopsies of fever victims\Nand new fever patients,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.38,0:03:32.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he proposes a possible cause.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.15,0:03:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since there’s no evidence that the autopsy\Ncauses the fever beyond this correlation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.70,0:03:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he doesn’t jump to the conclusion \Nthat autopsy causes fever.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.77,0:03:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, he suggests that doctors \Nare infecting their patients
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.23,0:03:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,via an invisible contaminant \Non their hands and surgical instruments.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.92,0:04:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This idea outrages most doctors, \Nwho see themselves as infallible.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.75,0:04:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like Meigs here, who refuses \Nto consider the possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.88,0:04:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he’s playing a role \Nin his patients’ plight.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.44,0:04:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His flawed argument doesn’t leave any \Npath forward for further investigation—
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.52,0:04:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Holmes’ does.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.22,0:04:27.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s 1847, and physician Ignaz Semmelweis
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.49,0:04:29.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has reduced the number \Nof childbed fever deaths
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.75,0:04:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a clinic from 12% to 1% \Nby requiring all medical personnel
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.83,0:04:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to disinfect their hands after autopsies\Nand between patient examinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.16,0:04:45.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this initiative, he has proven\Nthe contagious nature of childbed fever.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.55,0:04:46.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ha!
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.37,0:04:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s 1879, and Louis Pasteur \Nhas identified
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.84,0:04:58.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the contaminant responsible \Nfor many cases of childbed fever:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.37,0:05:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hemolytic streptococcus bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.30,0:05:07.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hmm, my fries are cold.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.15,0:05:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Must be because my ice cream melted.