What was so special about Viking ships? - Jan Bill
-
0:07 - 0:10The Vikings came from the rugged,
inhospitable north -
0:10 - 0:13known today as Scandinavia.
-
0:13 - 0:16As the Roman Empire
flourished further south, -
0:16 - 0:22Scandinavians had small settlements,
no central government, and no coinage. -
0:22 - 0:23Yet by the 11th century,
-
0:23 - 0:27the Vikings
had spread far from Scandinavia, -
0:27 - 0:29gaining control of trade routes
throughout Europe, -
0:29 - 0:32conquering kingdoms as far as Africa,
-
0:32 - 0:36and even building outposts
in North America. -
0:36 - 0:39The secret to their success
was their ships. -
0:39 - 0:41The formidable Viking longship
-
0:41 - 0:46had its origins
in the humble dugout canoe, or log boat. -
0:46 - 0:47For millennia,
-
0:47 - 0:51the inhabitants of Scandinavia
had used these canoes for transportation. -
0:51 - 0:56Dense forests and tall mountains
made overland travel difficult, -
0:56 - 1:00but long coastlines
and numerous rivers, lakes, and fjords -
1:00 - 1:03provided a viable alternative.
-
1:03 - 1:07The first canoes were simply hollowed out
logs rowed with paddles. -
1:07 - 1:10Over time, they added planks
to the log boat base -
1:10 - 1:13using the clinker,
or "lapstrake," technique, -
1:13 - 1:15meaning the planks overlapped
-
1:15 - 1:19and were fastened to each other
along their edges. -
1:19 - 1:21As the Roman Empire expanded north,
-
1:21 - 1:25some Scandinavians
served in their new neighbors’ armies— -
1:25 - 1:28and brought home
Roman maritime technology. -
1:28 - 1:31The Mediterranean cultures
at the heart of the Roman Empire -
1:31 - 1:34had large warships
that controlled the sea, -
1:34 - 1:38and cargo ships that transported goods
along the waterways. -
1:38 - 1:41These ships were powered by sail and oars
-
1:41 - 1:45and relied on a strong skeleton
of internal timbers -
1:45 - 1:50fastened to the outer planks
with copper, iron, and wood nails. -
1:50 - 1:54At first, Scandinavians
incorporated this new technology -
1:54 - 1:57by replacing their loose paddles
with anchored oars. -
1:57 - 2:00This change
hugely improved the crew’s efficiency, -
2:00 - 2:03but also required stronger ships.
-
2:03 - 2:08So boat builders began to use iron nails
for fasteners rather than sewing. -
2:08 - 2:12They abandoned
the log boat base for a keel plank, -
2:12 - 2:15and the boats became higher
and more seaworthy. -
2:15 - 2:19But these early ships retained the concept
of the original log boat: -
2:19 - 2:23their strength
depended on the outer shell of wood, -
2:23 - 2:26not internal frames and beams.
-
2:26 - 2:29They were built as shells—
thin-walled but strong, -
2:29 - 2:32and much lighter than the Roman ships.
-
2:32 - 2:37Competing chieftains quickly refined
the new ships to be even more efficient. -
2:37 - 2:40The lighter the boat,
the more versatile it would be -
2:40 - 2:44and the less investment of resources
it would require— -
2:44 - 2:47an essential advantage
in a decentralized culture -
2:47 - 2:50without large supplies of people.
-
2:50 - 2:53These ships still had no sails—
sails were costly, -
2:53 - 2:57and for now the rowed ships
could meet their needs. -
2:57 - 3:00That changed
after the Western Roman Empire -
3:00 - 3:03collapsed in the 5th century.
-
3:03 - 3:05Western Europe
took a heavy economic blow, -
3:05 - 3:09leveling the playing field a bit
for the Scandinavians. -
3:09 - 3:10As the region revived,
-
3:10 - 3:15new and vigorous trade routes
extended into and through Scandinavia. -
3:15 - 3:17The wealth that flowed along these routes
-
3:17 - 3:22helped create a new, more prosperous
and powerful class of Scandinavians, -
3:22 - 3:25whose members
competed constantly with each other -
3:25 - 3:28over trade routes and territory.
-
3:28 - 3:32By the 8th century,
a sailing ship began to make sense: -
3:32 - 3:37it could go further, faster,
in search of newly available plunder. -
3:37 - 3:39With the addition of sails,
-
3:39 - 3:43the already light and speedy ships
became nearly unbeatable. -
3:43 - 3:46The Viking ship was born.
-
3:46 - 3:51Viking longships could soon carry
as many as 100 Vikings to battle. -
3:51 - 3:53Fleets of them
could land on open beaches, -
3:53 - 3:59penetrate deep into river systems,
and be moved over land if need be. -
3:59 - 4:00When not at war,
-
4:00 - 4:04the vessels were used to transport goods
and make trade journeys. -
4:04 - 4:08There were smaller versions
for fishing and local excursions, -
4:08 - 4:11and larger adaptations
for open sea voyages -
4:11 - 4:14capable of carrying
tens of tons of cargo. -
4:14 - 4:18Thanks to their inventiveness
in the face of difficult terrain -
4:18 - 4:21and weak economies,
the Vikings sailed west, -
4:21 - 4:25settled the North Atlantic
and explored the North American coast -
4:25 - 4:29centuries before any other Europeans
would set foot there.
- Title:
- What was so special about Viking ships? - Jan Bill
- Speaker:
- Jan Bill
- Description:
-
View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-was-so-special-about-viking-ships-jan-bill
As the Roman Empire flourished, Scandinavians had small settlements and no central government. Yet by the 11th century, they had spread far from Scandinavia, gaining control of trade routes throughout Europe, conquering kingdoms as far as Africa, and building outposts in North America. What was the secret to their success? Jan Bill dives into the history of the formidable Viking longship.
Lesson by Jan Bill, directed by TOTEM Studio.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 04:30
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