Cell membranes are way more complicated than you think - Nazzy Pakpour

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Cell membranes are structures of contradictions. These oily films are hundreds of times thinner than a strand of spider silk, yet strong enough to protect the delicate contents of life: the cell’s watery cytoplasm, genetic material, organelles, and all the molecules it needs to survive. How does the membrane work, and where does that strength come from? Nazzy Pakpour investigates.

Lesson by Nazzy Pakpour, animation by Zedem Media.

Cell membranes are structures
of contradictions.

These oily films are hundreds of times
thinner than a strand of spider silk,

yet strong enough to protect
the delicate contents of life:

the cell's watery cytoplasm,
genetic material, organelles,

and all the molecules it needs to survive.

How does the membrane work,
and where does that strength come from?

First of all, it's tempting to think of a
cell membrane

like the tight skin of a balloon,

but it's actually something
much more complex.

In reality, it's constantly in flux,

shifting components back and forth
to help the cell take in food,

remove waste,

let specific molecules in and out,

communicate with other cells,

gather information about the environment,

and repair itself.

The cell membrane gets this resilience,
flexibility, and functionality

by combining a variety
of floating components

in what biologists call a fluid mosaic.

The primary component of the fluid mosaic

is a simple molecule
called a phospholipid.

A phospholipid has a polar,
electrically-charged head,

which attracts water,

and a non-polar tail, which repels it.

They pair up tail-to-tail
in a two layer sheet

just five to ten nanometers thick
that extends all around the cell.

The heads point in towards the cytoplasm

and out towards the watery fluid
external to the cell

with the lipid tails
sandwiched in between.

This bilayer, which at body temperature
has the consistency of vegetable oil,

is studded with other types of molecules,

including proteins,

carbohydrates,

and cholesterol.

Cholesterol keeps the membrane
at the right fluidity.

It also helps regulate communication
between cells.

Sometimes, cells talk to each other

by releasing and capturing
chemicals and proteins.

The release of proteins is easy,

but the capture of them
is more complicated.

That happens through a process called
endocytosis

in which sections of the membrane
engulf substances

and transport them into the cell
as vesicles.

Once the contents have been released,

the vesicles are recycled and returned
to the cell membrane.

The most complex components
of the fluid mosaic are proteins.

One of their key jobs is to make sure

that the right molecules
get in and out of the cell.

Non-polar molecules, like oxygen,

carbon dioxide,

and certain vitamins

can cross the phospholipid
bilayer easily.

But polar and charged molecules can't
make it through the fatty inner layer.

Transmembrane proteins stretch
across the bilayer to create channels

that allow specific molecules through,
like sodium and potassium ions.

Peripheral proteins floating
in the inner face of the bilayer

help anchor the membrane to the cell's
interior scaffolding.

Other proteins in cell membranes
can help fuse two different bilayers.

That can work to our benefit,
like when a sperm fertilizes an egg,

but also harm us,
as it does when a virus enters a cell.

And some proteins move within
the fluid mosaic,

coming together to form complexes
that carry out specific jobs.

For instance, one complex might
activate cells in our immune system,

then move apart when the job is done.

Cell membranes are also the site
of an ongoing war

between us and all the things
that want to infect us.

In fact, some of the most toxic
substances we know of

are membrane-breaching proteins
made by infectious bacteria.

These pore-forming toxins poke
giant holes in our cell membranes,

causing a cell's contents to leak out.

Scientists are working on developing
ways to defend against them,

like using a nano-sponge
that saves our cells

by soaking up
the membrane-damaging toxins.

The fluid mosaic is what makes
all the functions of life possible.

Without a cell membrane,
there could be no cells,

and without cells,
there would be no bacteria,

no parasites,

no fungi,

no animals,

and no us.