What ocean microbes reveal about the changing climate
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0:01 - 0:03I'm a biological oceanographer.
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0:04 - 0:08I have the absolute privilege
of studying microbial lives -
0:08 - 0:10in the Pacific Ocean.
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0:10 - 0:12So we'll talk about microbes in a minute,
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0:12 - 0:14but I first want to give you
a sense of place, -
0:15 - 0:16a sense of scale.
-
0:16 - 0:20The Pacific Ocean is our largest,
deepest ocean basin. -
0:20 - 0:23It covers 60 million square miles.
-
0:23 - 0:26If you took all the continents
and you put them together -
0:26 - 0:27in a little Pangaea 2.0,
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0:27 - 0:31they'd fit snug inside the Pacific,
with room to spare. -
0:31 - 0:33It's a massive ecosystem,
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0:33 - 0:36from the blues of the open ocean
to the green of the continental margins. -
0:37 - 0:39In this place,
-
0:39 - 0:41I get to study the base of the food web:
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0:41 - 0:42plankton.
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0:43 - 0:46Now, in my research,
-
0:46 - 0:50and really in the field
of microbial oceanography as a whole, -
0:50 - 0:52there's a theme that has emerged,
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0:52 - 0:54and that theme is "change."
-
0:55 - 0:59These microbial ecosystems
are changing in real and measurable ways, -
0:59 - 1:01and it is not that hard to see it.
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1:03 - 1:05Oceans cover 70 percent of our planet,
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1:05 - 1:08so ocean change is planetary change,
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1:08 - 1:10and it all starts with microbes.
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1:12 - 1:16Now, I have two vignettes
to share with you, -
1:16 - 1:21and these are meant to be
love stories to microbes. -
1:22 - 1:25But I'll be honest
that there's an aspect of it -
1:25 - 1:28that's just a total bummer,
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1:28 - 1:30and, beware, focus on the love.
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1:30 - 1:32Right? That's where I'm coming from.
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1:33 - 1:36So the first thing to know
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1:36 - 1:40is that the forests
of the sea are microbial. -
1:40 - 1:43And what I mean by that
is that, by and large, -
1:43 - 1:46plants in the open ocean are microscopic,
-
1:46 - 1:49and they are much more abundant
than we realize. -
1:50 - 1:54So I'm going to show you
some mug shots of these organisms -
1:54 - 1:56that I've collected over the years.
-
1:56 - 1:59These are the lowest rungs
of the ocean food web. -
2:00 - 2:02These are tiny plants and animals
-
2:02 - 2:07that come in a variety of shapes
and sizes and colors and metabolisms. -
2:07 - 2:11There are hundreds of thousands
in a single milliliter of seawater. -
2:11 - 2:14You are definitely swimming with them
when you're in the ocean. -
2:14 - 2:17They produce oxygen, they consume CO2,
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2:17 - 2:19and they form the base of the food web
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2:19 - 2:22on which every other form
of ocean life is reliant. -
2:23 - 2:28Now, I've spent about 500 days
of my scientific life at sea, -
2:28 - 2:31and a lot more in front
of a computer or in the lab, -
2:31 - 2:36so I feel compelled to tell you
some of their stories. -
2:37 - 2:39Let's start in the Pacific Northwest.
-
2:40 - 2:43This place is green. It is beautiful.
-
2:43 - 2:46These are blooms of phytoplankton
that you can see from space -
2:46 - 2:49along the West Coast of the United States.
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2:49 - 2:52It's an incredibly productive ecosystem.
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2:52 - 2:56This is where you go to salmon fish,
halibut fish, whale watch. -
2:56 - 2:58It's a beautiful part of our country.
-
2:58 - 3:01And here, for 10 years,
among other things, -
3:01 - 3:05I studied the uplifting topic
of harmful algal blooms. -
3:06 - 3:09These are blooms
of toxin-producing phytoplankton -
3:09 - 3:14that can contaminate food webs
and accumulate in shellfish and fish -
3:14 - 3:16that are harvested for human consumption.
-
3:17 - 3:21We were trying to understand
why they bloom, where they bloom, -
3:21 - 3:22when they bloom,
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3:22 - 3:24so we could manage these harvests
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3:24 - 3:26and protect human health.
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3:26 - 3:29Now, the problem
is the ocean's a moving target -
3:29 - 3:35and, much like some people in our lives,
toxicity varies among the plankton. -
3:35 - 3:36(Laughter)
-
3:36 - 3:37Alright?
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3:37 - 3:39So, to get around these challenges,
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3:39 - 3:42we combined satellite remote sensing
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3:42 - 3:44with drones and gliders,
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3:44 - 3:46regular sampling of the surf zone
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3:46 - 3:49and a lot of time at sea
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3:49 - 3:52in small boats off the Oregon coast.
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3:52 - 3:55And I don't know if many of you
have had the opportunity to do that, -
3:55 - 3:56but it is not easy.
-
3:57 - 3:59[Even oceanographers get seasick]
-
3:59 - 4:00Here's some poor students.
-
4:00 - 4:01(Laughter)
-
4:01 - 4:04I've hidden their faces
to protect their identities. -
4:04 - 4:07(Laughter)
-
4:07 - 4:08This is a challenging place.
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4:08 - 4:12So this is hard-won data
I'm about to talk about, OK? -
4:12 - 4:13(Laughter)
-
4:13 - 4:16So by combining all of our data
with our collaborators, -
4:16 - 4:21we had 20-year time series
of toxins and phytoplankton cell counts. -
4:21 - 4:25And that allowed us to understand
the patterns of these blooms -
4:25 - 4:27and to build models to predict them.
-
4:28 - 4:29And what we found
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4:29 - 4:35was that the risk of harmful algal blooms
was tightly linked to aspects of climate. -
4:35 - 4:38Now when I say "climate,"
I don't mean weather day-to-day, -
4:38 - 4:39I mean long-term changes.
-
4:41 - 4:44These oscillations
that you may have heard of -- -
4:44 - 4:47the Pacific Decadal
Oscillation, El Niño -- -
4:47 - 4:50they usually bring warm,
dry winters to this region, -
4:50 - 4:53but they also reduce the strength
of the California Current, -
4:53 - 4:58which runs from the north to the south
along the Pacific Northwest, -
4:58 - 5:00and they warm the coastal ocean.
-
5:00 - 5:02These are the reds
you're seeing in this plot, -
5:02 - 5:03warm anomalies,
-
5:03 - 5:05strong positive indices of the PDO.
-
5:06 - 5:09And when we have
these changes in circulation -
5:09 - 5:10and changes in temperature,
-
5:10 - 5:13the risk of harmful
algal blooms is increased, -
5:13 - 5:16but also salmon recruitment has decreased,
-
5:16 - 5:19and we see intrusions
of invasive species like green crab. -
5:20 - 5:23So these are ecological
and economic impacts of climate. -
5:25 - 5:27Now, if our models are right,
-
5:27 - 5:30the frequency and severity of these events
are only going to get worse, -
5:30 - 5:32right along with these warm anomalies.
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5:33 - 5:34And, to illustrate that,
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5:35 - 5:402014 was probably one of the worst
harmful algal blooms in Oregon history. -
5:40 - 5:45It was also the hottest year
in the modern climate record at that time, -
5:46 - 5:48that is until 2015,
-
5:49 - 5:512016,
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5:51 - 5:542017, 2018.
-
5:54 - 5:57In fact, the five hottest years
in the modern climate record -
5:57 - 5:59have been the last five.
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6:00 - 6:02That bodes really well
for harmful algal blooms -
6:02 - 6:04and poorly for ecosystem health.
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6:05 - 6:08Now, you may not care about shellfish,
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6:08 - 6:13but these changes impact
economically important fisheries, -
6:13 - 6:14like crab and salmon,
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6:14 - 6:18and they can impact the health
of marine mammals like whales. -
6:18 - 6:20And that might matter a little bit more.
-
6:20 - 6:21That might resonate.
-
6:22 - 6:28So, there's your doomsday tale
for the margins of the Pacific. -
6:29 - 6:32Actually, these are really
resilient ecosystems. -
6:32 - 6:35They can absolutely bounce back
if we give them a chance. -
6:35 - 6:39The point is not to ignore
the changes that we're seeing, -
6:39 - 6:41which brings me to my second vignette.
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6:43 - 6:48I have since moved to the most remote
island chain on our planet, -
6:48 - 6:49the Hawaiian Islands,
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6:49 - 6:53where I'm the new lead of a program
called the Hawaiian Ocean Time-series. -
6:53 - 6:56And this is a program that for 31 years
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6:56 - 7:00has made this monthly pilgrimage
to a spot called Station ALOHA. -
7:00 - 7:02It's in the middle of the Pacific Ocean,
-
7:02 - 7:05in the center of this vast,
swirling system of currents -
7:05 - 7:08that we call the North Pacific
Subtropical Gyre. -
7:09 - 7:11It's our largest ocean ecosystem.
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7:11 - 7:14It's four times the size
of the Amazon rain forest. -
7:14 - 7:16It is warm, in a good way.
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7:16 - 7:17It is blue water,
-
7:17 - 7:20it's absolutely the type of place
you want to dive in and swim. -
7:20 - 7:22You cannot do that off of research boats,
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7:22 - 7:24because, you know, sharks. Google it.
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7:25 - 7:29(Laughter)
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7:29 - 7:31This is a beautiful place.
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7:31 - 7:34And here, since October of 1988,
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7:34 - 7:39generations of researchers
have made these monthly pilgrimages. -
7:39 - 7:42We study the biology, the chemistry,
the physics of the open ocean. -
7:42 - 7:45We've measured the temperature
from the surface to the seafloor. -
7:46 - 7:48We've tracked the currents,
traced the waves. -
7:49 - 7:52People have discovered new organisms here.
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7:52 - 7:55People have created vast genomic libraries
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7:55 - 7:56that have revolutionized
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7:56 - 8:00what we think about the diversity
of marine microorganisms. -
8:00 - 8:01It's not just a place of discovery,
-
8:01 - 8:04but the important part about time series
-
8:04 - 8:06are that they provide us
a sense of history, -
8:06 - 8:08a sense of context.
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8:09 - 8:10And in 30 years of data,
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8:10 - 8:14it's allowed us to separate
the seasonal change -
8:14 - 8:17and see the emergence
of humanity's fingerprints -
8:17 - 8:18on the natural world.
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8:19 - 8:22There's another iconic
time series in Hawaii, -
8:22 - 8:24and that is the Keeling Curve.
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8:24 - 8:26I hope you have all seen this.
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8:26 - 8:30This time series has documented
the rapid increase in carbon dioxide -
8:30 - 8:31in the atmosphere.
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8:31 - 8:35It's not just the number,
it's the rate of increase. -
8:35 - 8:37The rate of carbon dioxide
increase in our atmosphere -
8:37 - 8:39is unprecedented for our planet.
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8:40 - 8:42And that has consequences for our oceans.
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8:43 - 8:46In fact, oceans absorb about 90 percent
of the heat that's generated -
8:46 - 8:48by greenhouse gas emissions
-
8:48 - 8:50and about 40 percent
of the carbon dioxide. -
8:52 - 8:56And we have been able
to measure that at Station ALOHA. -
8:56 - 8:59Each one of these dots is a cruise.
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8:59 - 9:03It represents people's lives over 30 years
trying to make these measurements, -
9:03 - 9:05and it took 30 years
to be able to see this. -
9:06 - 9:07CO2 rises in the atmosphere,
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9:07 - 9:09CO2 rises in the ocean.
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9:09 - 9:10That's the red line.
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9:11 - 9:12A consequence of that
-
9:12 - 9:15is a fundamental change
in the chemistry of seawater, -
9:15 - 9:17a decline in pH --
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9:17 - 9:18pH is on a log scale,
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9:18 - 9:20here's your blue line.
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9:20 - 9:24So we've seen a 30 percent decline
in pH in the surface ocean -
9:24 - 9:25in this time series.
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9:26 - 9:29Now that has impacts for organisms
that need to feed, build shells, -
9:29 - 9:32that changes growth rates,
metabolic interactions, -
9:32 - 9:34and it doesn't just impact plankton --
-
9:34 - 9:37it impacts ecosystems
as large as coral reefs. -
9:38 - 9:41Now one of the things we've been able
to show in this time series -
9:41 - 9:43is this is just skimming the surface.
-
9:44 - 9:47Increases in CO2 and a decline in pH
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9:47 - 9:51are measured over the top 500 meters
of the water column. -
9:52 - 9:55I really find that to be profound.
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9:55 - 9:59This is genuinely one of the most
remote places on our planet, -
9:59 - 10:02and we've impacted the top 500 meters
of the water column. -
10:04 - 10:06Now, these two things --
-
10:06 - 10:09harmful algal blooms,
ocean acidification -- -
10:09 - 10:10that's not all, of course.
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10:10 - 10:11You've heard of the rest:
-
10:11 - 10:15sea-level rise, eutrophication,
melting of the polar ice caps, -
10:15 - 10:19expansion of oxygen minimum zones,
pollution, loss of biodiversity, -
10:19 - 10:20overfishing.
-
10:20 - 10:22It's hard for me to get a grad student --
-
10:22 - 10:25you can see this pitch
is a difficult one, right? -
10:25 - 10:26(Laughter)
-
10:27 - 10:29(Sighs)
-
10:29 - 10:33Again, I think these systems,
these microbial ecosystems, -
10:33 - 10:34are immensely resilient.
-
10:35 - 10:38We just cannot go too far down this path.
-
10:39 - 10:43I personally believe that sustained
observation of our oceans and our planet -
10:43 - 10:46is the moral imperative
for our generation of scientists. -
10:47 - 10:49We are bearing witness
-
10:49 - 10:54to the changes that are being inflicted
upon our natural communities, -
10:54 - 10:55and by doing so,
-
10:55 - 11:01it provides us the opportunity
to adapt and enact global change, -
11:01 - 11:02if we're willing.
-
11:02 - 11:06So the solutions to these problems
are multitiered. -
11:06 - 11:08It involves a portfolio of solutions,
-
11:08 - 11:09local change,
-
11:09 - 11:12but all the way up to voting for people
who will protect our environment -
11:12 - 11:14on a global scale.
-
11:14 - 11:21(Applause)
-
11:28 - 11:30Let's bring it back to the love.
-
11:30 - 11:32(Laughter)
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11:32 - 11:34Microbes matter.
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11:34 - 11:36These organisms are small,
-
11:36 - 11:38abundant, ancient,
-
11:38 - 11:42and they are critical to sustaining
our population and our planet. -
11:42 - 11:46Yet we are on track to double
our carbon dioxide emissions -
11:46 - 11:47in the next 50 years,
-
11:47 - 11:49so the analogy that I use for that
-
11:49 - 11:53is like we are eating
like we're still in our 20s, -
11:53 - 11:55assuming there will be no consequences --
-
11:55 - 11:56but I'm a woman in her 40s,
-
11:56 - 12:00I know there are consequences
for my fuel consumption. Right? -
12:00 - 12:02(Laughter)
-
12:02 - 12:04These oceans are very much alive.
-
12:04 - 12:07These ecosystems have not collapsed.
-
12:08 - 12:11Well, except for the Arctic,
we can talk about that. -
12:11 - 12:12(Laughter)
-
12:12 - 12:16But the sustained observations
that I've shared with you today, -
12:16 - 12:19the work of generations of scientists,
-
12:19 - 12:22are pointing us to take
better care of our oceans -
12:22 - 12:24and to nurture the microbes
that sustain us. -
12:25 - 12:27And on that note,
-
12:27 - 12:29I want to end with a quote
from one of my heroes, -
12:29 - 12:31Jane Lubchenco.
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12:32 - 12:34And this slide is appropriate.
-
12:35 - 12:39Jane has said that the oceans
are not too big to fail, -
12:40 - 12:42nor are they too big to fix,
-
12:43 - 12:46but the oceans are too big to ignore.
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12:48 - 12:49Thank you.
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12:49 - 12:53(Applause)
- Title:
- What ocean microbes reveal about the changing climate
- Speaker:
- Angelicque White
- Description:
-
When the ocean changes, the planet changes -- and it all starts with microbes, says biological oceanographer Angelicque White. Backed by decades of data, White shares how scientists use these ancient microorganisms as a crucial barometer of ocean health -- and how we might rejuvenate them as marine temperatures steadily rise.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 13:05
marialadias edited English subtitles for What ocean microbes reveal about the changing climate | ||
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Joseph Geni edited English subtitles for What ocean microbes reveal about the changing climate |