How we're using DNA tech to help farmers fight crop diseases
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0:01 - 0:03I get out of bed for two reasons.
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0:03 - 0:07One, small-scale family farmers
need more food. -
0:08 - 0:13It's crazy that in 2019
farmers that feed us are hungry. -
0:13 - 0:18And two, science needs to be
more diverse and inclusive. -
0:19 - 0:22If we're going to solve
the toughest challenges on the planet, -
0:22 - 0:26like food insecurity for the millions
living in extreme poverty, -
0:26 - 0:28it's going to take all of us.
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0:29 - 0:31I want to use the latest technology
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0:31 - 0:35with the most diverse
and inclusive teams on the planet -
0:35 - 0:37to help farmers have more food.
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0:38 - 0:39I'm a computational biologist.
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0:39 - 0:43I know -- what is that
and how is it going to help end hunger? -
0:43 - 0:46Basically, I like computers and biology
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0:46 - 0:49and somehow,
putting that together is a job. -
0:49 - 0:50(Laughter)
-
0:50 - 0:51I don't have a story
-
0:51 - 0:55of wanting to be a biologist
from a young age. -
0:55 - 0:58The truth is, I played
basketball in college. -
0:59 - 1:04And part of my financial aid package
was I needed a work-study job. -
1:04 - 1:06So one random day,
-
1:06 - 1:09I wandered to the nearest building
to my dorm room. -
1:09 - 1:12And it just so happens
it was the biology building. -
1:12 - 1:15I went inside and looked at the job board.
-
1:15 - 1:18Yes, this is pre-the-internet.
-
1:18 - 1:20And I saw a three-by-five card
-
1:20 - 1:24advertising a job
to work in the herbarium. -
1:25 - 1:27I quickly took down the number,
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1:27 - 1:28because it said "flexible hours,"
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1:28 - 1:32and I needed that to work around
my basketball schedule. -
1:32 - 1:37I ran to the library
to figure out what an herbarium was. -
1:37 - 1:39(Laughter)
-
1:39 - 1:40And it turns out
-
1:40 - 1:44an herbarium is where they store
dead, dried plants. -
1:45 - 1:47I was lucky to land the job.
-
1:47 - 1:50So my first scientific job
-
1:50 - 1:56was gluing dead plants onto paper
for hours on end. -
1:56 - 1:59(Laughter)
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1:59 - 2:00It's so glamorous.
-
2:00 - 2:03This is how I became
a computational biologist. -
2:04 - 2:06During that time,
-
2:06 - 2:08genomics and computing were coming of age.
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2:08 - 2:11And I went on to do my masters
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2:11 - 2:14combining biology and computers.
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2:14 - 2:15During that time,
-
2:15 - 2:17I worked at Los Alamos National Lab
-
2:17 - 2:19in the theoretical biology
and biophysics group. -
2:20 - 2:24And it was there I had my first encounter
with the supercomputer, -
2:24 - 2:25and my mind was blown.
-
2:26 - 2:28With the power of supercomputing,
-
2:28 - 2:32which is basically thousands
of connected PCs on steroids, -
2:32 - 2:38we were able to uncover the complexities
of influenza and hepatitis C. -
2:38 - 2:40And it was during this time
that I saw the power -
2:40 - 2:45of using computers
and biology combined, for humanity. -
2:45 - 2:47And I wanted this to be my career path.
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2:48 - 2:50So, since 1999,
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2:50 - 2:53I've spent the majority
of my scientific career -
2:53 - 2:54in very high-tech labs,
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2:55 - 2:57surrounded by really expensive equipment.
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2:58 - 2:59So many ask me
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2:59 - 3:03how and why do I work
for farmers in Africa. -
3:04 - 3:06Well, because of my computing skills,
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3:06 - 3:11in 2013, a team of East African scientists
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3:11 - 3:15asked me to join the team
in the plight to save cassava. -
3:16 - 3:23Cassava is a plant whose leaves and roots
feed 800 million people globally. -
3:24 - 3:27And 500 million in East Africa.
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3:27 - 3:29So that's nearly a billion people
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3:29 - 3:32relying on this plant
for their daily calories. -
3:33 - 3:36If a small-scale family farmer
has enough cassava, -
3:36 - 3:39she can feed her family
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3:39 - 3:43and she can sell it at the market
for important things like school fees, -
3:43 - 3:45medical expenses and savings.
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3:46 - 3:49But cassava is under attack in Africa.
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3:50 - 3:54Whiteflies and viruses
are devastating cassava. -
3:55 - 3:57Whiteflies are tiny insects
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3:57 - 4:00that feed on the leaves
of over 600 plants. -
4:00 - 4:01They are bad news.
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4:01 - 4:03There are many species;
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4:03 - 4:05they become pesticide resistant;
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4:05 - 4:09and they transmit hundreds
of plant viruses -
4:09 - 4:12that cause cassava brown streak disease
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4:12 - 4:14and cassava mosaic disease.
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4:14 - 4:16This completely kills the plant.
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4:17 - 4:19And if there's no cassava,
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4:19 - 4:23there's no food or income
for millions of people. -
4:24 - 4:27It took me one trip to Tanzania
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4:27 - 4:29to realize that these women
need some help. -
4:29 - 4:34These amazing, strong,
small-scale family farmers, -
4:34 - 4:35the majority women,
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4:35 - 4:36are doing it rough.
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4:37 - 4:39They don't have enough food
to feed their families, -
4:39 - 4:41and it's a real crisis.
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4:42 - 4:43What happens is
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4:43 - 4:46they go out and plant fields of cassava
when the rains come. -
4:46 - 4:48Nine months later,
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4:48 - 4:51there's nothing, because of these
pests and pathogens. -
4:51 - 4:53And I thought to myself,
-
4:53 - 4:56how in the world can farmers be hungry?
-
4:57 - 4:59So I decided to spend
some time on the ground -
4:59 - 5:01with the farmers and the scientists
-
5:01 - 5:03to see if I had any skills
that could be helpful. -
5:04 - 5:07The situation on the ground is shocking.
-
5:07 - 5:12The whiteflies have destroyed the leaves
that are eaten for protein, -
5:12 - 5:15and the viruses have destroyed the roots
that are eaten for starch. -
5:16 - 5:18An entire growing season will pass,
-
5:18 - 5:22and the farmer will lose
an entire year of income and food, -
5:22 - 5:25and the family will suffer
a long hunger season. -
5:26 - 5:28This is completely preventable.
-
5:28 - 5:29If the farmer knew
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5:29 - 5:32what variety of cassava
to plant in her field, -
5:32 - 5:37that was resistant
to those viruses and pathogens, -
5:37 - 5:39they would have more food.
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5:39 - 5:42We have all the technology we need,
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5:42 - 5:45but the knowledge and the resources
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5:45 - 5:48are not equally distributed
around the globe. -
5:49 - 5:51So what I mean specifically is,
-
5:51 - 5:53the older genomic technologies
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5:53 - 5:56that have been required
to uncover the complexities -
5:56 - 5:59in these pests and pathogens --
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5:59 - 6:02these technologies were not made
for sub-Saharan Africa. -
6:03 - 6:05They cost upwards of a million dollars;
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6:05 - 6:07they require constant power
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6:07 - 6:09and specialized human capacity.
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6:10 - 6:13These machines are few
and far between on the continent, -
6:13 - 6:17which is leaving many scientists
battling on the front lines no choice -
6:18 - 6:19but to send the samples overseas.
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6:20 - 6:21And when you send the samples overseas,
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6:22 - 6:24samples degrade, it costs a lot of money,
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6:24 - 6:27and trying to get the data back
over weak internet -
6:27 - 6:29is nearly impossible.
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6:29 - 6:33So sometimes it can take six months
to get the results back to the farmer. -
6:33 - 6:35And by then, it's too late.
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6:35 - 6:37The crop is already gone,
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6:37 - 6:40which results in further poverty
and more hunger. -
6:41 - 6:43We knew we could fix this.
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6:44 - 6:45In 2017,
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6:45 - 6:50we had heard of this handheld,
portable DNA sequencer -
6:50 - 6:53called an Oxford Nanopore MinION.
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6:53 - 6:57This was being used
in West Africa to fight Ebola. -
6:57 - 6:58So we thought:
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6:58 - 7:02Why can't we use this
in East Africa to help farmers? -
7:02 - 7:06So, what we did was we set out to do that.
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7:07 - 7:09At the time, the technology was very new,
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7:09 - 7:12and many doubted we could
replicate this on the farm. -
7:13 - 7:14When we set out to do this,
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7:14 - 7:18one of our "collaborators" in the UK
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7:18 - 7:22told us that we would never
get that to work in East Africa, -
7:22 - 7:23let alone on the farm.
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7:24 - 7:26So we accepted the challenge.
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7:26 - 7:32This person even went so far as to bet us
two of the best bottles of champagne -
7:32 - 7:35that we would never get that to work.
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7:37 - 7:38Two words:
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7:38 - 7:40pay up.
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7:40 - 7:42(Laughter)
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7:42 - 7:46(Applause)
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7:46 - 7:49Pay up, because we did it.
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7:49 - 7:52We took the entire high-tech molecular lab
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7:52 - 7:56to the farmers of Tanzania,
Kenya and Uganda, -
7:56 - 7:58and we called it Tree Lab.
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7:59 - 8:00So what did we do?
-
8:00 - 8:03Well, first of all,
we gave ourselves a team name -- -
8:03 - 8:05it's called the Cassava Virus
Action Project. -
8:05 - 8:06We made a website,
-
8:06 - 8:10we gathered support from the genomics
and computing communities, -
8:10 - 8:12and away we went to the farmers.
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8:12 - 8:15Everything that we need for our Tree Lab
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8:15 - 8:18is being carried by the team here.
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8:18 - 8:22All of the molecular and computational
requirements needed -
8:22 - 8:25to diagnose sick plants is there.
-
8:25 - 8:28And it's actually all
on this stage here as well. -
8:29 - 8:33We figured if we could get the data
closer to the problem, -
8:33 - 8:34and closer to the farmer,
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8:34 - 8:38the quicker we could tell her
what was wrong with her plant. -
8:38 - 8:40And not only tell her what was wrong --
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8:40 - 8:41give her the solution.
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8:41 - 8:43And the solution is,
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8:43 - 8:45burn the field and plant varieties
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8:45 - 8:49that are resistant to the pests
and pathogens she has in her field. -
8:50 - 8:54So the first thing that we did
was we had to do a DNA extraction. -
8:54 - 8:57And we used this machine here.
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8:57 - 9:00It's called a PDQeX,
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9:00 - 9:04which stands for
"Pretty Damn Quick Extraction." -
9:04 - 9:06(Laughter)
-
9:06 - 9:07I know.
-
9:08 - 9:10My friend Joe is really cool.
-
9:11 - 9:15One of the biggest challenges
in doing a DNA extraction -
9:15 - 9:18is it usually requires
very expensive equipment, -
9:18 - 9:20and takes hours.
-
9:20 - 9:21But with this machine,
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9:21 - 9:24we've been able to do it in 20 minutes,
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9:24 - 9:25at a fraction of the cost.
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9:25 - 9:28And this runs off of a motorcycle battery.
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9:29 - 9:34From there, we take the DNA extraction
and prepare it into a library, -
9:34 - 9:36getting it ready to load on
-
9:36 - 9:40to this portable, handheld
genomic sequencer, -
9:40 - 9:42which is here,
-
9:42 - 9:45and then we plug this
into a mini supercomputer, -
9:45 - 9:47which is called a MinIT.
-
9:48 - 9:52And both of these things are plugged
into a portable battery pack. -
9:53 - 9:54So we were able to eliminate
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9:54 - 9:57the requirements
of main power and internet, -
9:57 - 10:01which are two very limiting factors
on a small-scale family farm. -
10:02 - 10:05Analyzing the data quickly
can also be a problem. -
10:05 - 10:09But this is where me being
a computational biologist came in handy. -
10:09 - 10:12All that gluing of dead plants,
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10:12 - 10:13and all that measuring,
-
10:13 - 10:15and all that computing
-
10:15 - 10:19finally came in handy
in a real-world, real-time way. -
10:19 - 10:22I was able to make customized databases
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10:22 - 10:27and we were able to give the farmers
results in three hours -
10:27 - 10:29versus six months.
-
10:30 - 10:37(Applause)
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10:38 - 10:41The farmers were overjoyed.
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10:42 - 10:45So how do we know
that we're having impact? -
10:45 - 10:47Nine moths after our Tree Lab,
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10:47 - 10:50Asha went from having
zero tons per hectare -
10:50 - 10:52to 40 tons per hectare.
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10:52 - 10:54She had enough to feed her family
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10:54 - 10:56and she was selling it at the market,
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10:56 - 10:59and she's now building a house
for her family. -
11:00 - 11:01Yeah, so cool.
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11:01 - 11:06(Applause)
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11:06 - 11:08So how do we scale Tree Lab?
-
11:08 - 11:09The thing is,
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11:09 - 11:11farmers are scaled already in Africa.
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11:11 - 11:13These women work in farmer groups,
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11:13 - 11:18so helping Asha actually helped
3,000 people in her village, -
11:18 - 11:21because she shared the results
and also the solution. -
11:22 - 11:26I remember every single
farmer I've ever met. -
11:27 - 11:30Their pain and their joy
-
11:30 - 11:32is engraved in my memories.
-
11:33 - 11:35Our science is for them.
-
11:36 - 11:41Tree Lab is our best attempt
to help them become more food secure. -
11:41 - 11:43I never dreamt
-
11:43 - 11:46that the best science
I would ever do in my life -
11:46 - 11:49would be on that blanket in East Africa,
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11:49 - 11:52with the highest-tech genomic gadgets.
-
11:52 - 11:55But our team did dream
-
11:55 - 11:59that we could give farmers answers
in three hours versus six months, -
11:59 - 12:01and then we did it.
-
12:01 - 12:05Because that's the power
of diversity and inclusion in science. -
12:05 - 12:06Thank you.
-
12:06 - 12:09(Applause)
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12:10 - 12:14(Cheers)
- Title:
- How we're using DNA tech to help farmers fight crop diseases
- Speaker:
- Laura Boykin
- Description:
-
Nearly 800 million people worldwide depend on cassava for survival -- but this critical food source is under attack by entirely preventable viruses, says computational biologist and TED Senior Fellow Laura Boykin. She takes us to the farms in East Africa where she's working with a diverse team of scientists to help farmers keep their crops healthy using a portable DNA lab and mini supercomputer that can identify viruses in hours, instead of months.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 12:27
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How we're using DNA tech to help farmers fight crop diseases | ||
Oliver Friedman edited English subtitles for How we're using DNA tech to help farmers fight crop diseases | ||
Brian Greene approved English subtitles for How we're using DNA tech to help farmers fight crop diseases | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How we're using DNA tech to help farmers fight crop diseases | ||
Krystian Aparta accepted English subtitles for How we're using DNA tech to help farmers fight crop diseases | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for How we're using DNA tech to help farmers fight crop diseases | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for How we're using DNA tech to help farmers fight crop diseases | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for How we're using DNA tech to help farmers fight crop diseases |