Showing Revision 9 created 02/07/2019 by Oliver Friedman.

1. Títol:
   What your breath could reveal about your health
2. Descripció:

   There's no better way to stop a disease than to catch and treat it early, before symptoms occur. That's the whole point of medical screening techniques like radiography, MRIs and blood tests. But there's one medium with overlooked potential for medical analysis: your breath. Technologist Julian Burschka shares the latest in the science of breath analysis -- the screening of the volatile organic compounds in your exhaled breath -- and how it could be used as a powerful tool to detect, predict and ultimately prevent disease.

3. Speaker:
   Julian Burschka
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   I have a tendency to assume the worst,
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   and once in a while,
   this habit plays tricks on me.
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   For example, if I feel
   unexpected pain in my body
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   that I have not experienced before
   and that I cannot attribute,
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   then all of a sudden, my mind
   might turn a tense back into heart disease
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   or calf muscle pain
   into deep vein thrombosis.
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    But so far, I haven't been diagnosed
    with any deadly or incurable disease.
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    Sometimes things just hurt
    for no clear reason.
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    But not everyone is as lucky as me.

    ¶

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    Every year, more than
    50 million people die worldwide.
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    Especially in high-income
    economies like ours,
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    a large fraction of deaths is caused
    by slowly progressing diseases:
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    heart disease, chronic lung disease,
    cancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes,
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    just to name a few.
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    Now, humanity has made tremendous progress
    in diagnosing and treating many of these.

    ¶

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    But we are at a stage
    where further advancement in health
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    cannot be achieved only
    by developing new treatments.
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    And this becomes evident
    when we look at one aspect
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    that many of these
    diseases have in common:
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    the probability for successful treatment
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    strongly depends on
    when treatment is started.
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    But a disease is typically only detected
    once symptoms occur.
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    The problem here is that, in fact,
    many diseases can remain asymptomatic,
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    hence undetected,
    for a long period of time.
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    Because of this, there is
    a persisting need for new ways
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    of detecting disease at early stage,
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    way before any symptoms occur.
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    In health care, this is called screening.
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    And as defined by
    the World Health Organization,

    ¶

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    screening is "the presumptive
    identification of unrecognized disease
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    in an apparently healthy person,
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    by means of tests ... that can be applied
    rapidly and easily ..."
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    That's a long definition,
    so let me repeat it:
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    identification of unrecognized disease
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    in an apparently healthy person
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    by means of tests that can be applied
    both rapidly and easily.
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    And I want to put special emphasis
    on the words "rapidly" and "easily"
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    because many of the existing
    screening methods
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    are exactly the opposite.
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    And those of you
    who have undergone colonoscopy
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    as part of a screening program
    for colorectal cancer
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    will know what I mean.
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    Obviously, there's a variety
    of medical tools available

    ¶

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    to perform screening tests.
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    This ranges from imaging techniques
    such as radiography
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    or magnetic resonance imaging
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    to the analysis of blood or tissue.
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    We have all had such tests.
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    But there's one medium
    that for long has been overlooked:
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    a medium that is easily accessible,
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    basically nondepletable,
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    and it holds tremendous promise
    for medical analysis.
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    And that is our breath.
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    Human breath is essentially
    composed of five components:

    ¶

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    nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide,
    water and argon.
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    But besides these five, there are
    hundreds of other components
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    that are present in very low quantity.
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    These are called volatile
    organic compounds,
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    and we release hundreds,
    even thousands of them
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    every time we exhale.
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    The analysis of these volatile
    organic compounds in our breath
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    is called breath analysis.
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    In fact, I believe that many of you
    have already experienced breath analysis.
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    Imagine: you're driving home
    late at night,
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    when suddenly, there's
    a friendly police officer
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    who asks you kindly but firmly
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    to pull over and blow
    into a device like this one.
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    This is an alcohol breath tester
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    that is used to measure
    the ethanol concentration in your breath
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    and determine whether driving
    in your condition is a clever idea.
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    Now, I'd say my driving was pretty good,
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    but let me check.
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    (Beep)

    ¶

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    0.0, so nothing
    to worry about, all fine.

    ¶

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    (Laughter)

    ¶

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    Now imagine a device like this one,

    ¶

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    that does not only measure
    alcohol levels in your breath,
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    but that detects diseases
    like the ones I've shown you
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    and potentially many more.
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    The concept of correlating
    the smell of a person's breath
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    with certain medical conditions,
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    in fact, dates back to Ancient Greece.
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    But only recently, research efforts
    on breath analysis have skyrocketed,
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    and what once was a dream
    is now becoming reality.
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    And let me pull up this list again
    that I showed you earlier.
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    For the majority of diseases listed here,
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    there's substantial scientific evidence
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    suggesting that the disease
    could be detected by breath analysis.
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    But how does it work, exactly?

    ¶

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    The essential part is a sensor device
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    that detects the volatile
    organic compounds in our breath.
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    Simply put: when exposed
    to a breath sample,
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    the sensor outputs a complex signature
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    that results from the mixture of volatile
    organic compounds that we exhale.
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    Now, this signature represents
    a fingerprint of your metabolism,
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    your microbiome
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     and the biochemical processes
     that occur in your body.
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     If you have a disease,
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     your organism will change,
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     and so will the composition
     of your exhaled breath.
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     And then the only thing that is left to do
     is to correlate a certain signature
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     with the presence or absence
     of certain medical conditions.
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     The technology promises
     several undeniable benefits.

     ¶

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     Firstly, the sensor can be miniaturized
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     and integrated into small,
     handheld devices
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     like this alcohol breath tester.
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     This would allow the test to be used
     in many different settings
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     and even at home,
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     so that a visit at the doctor's office
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     is not needed each time
     a test shall be performed.
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     Secondly, breath analysis is noninvasive

     ¶

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     and can be as simple as blowing
     into an alcohol breath tester.
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     Such simplicity and ease of use
     would reduce patient burden
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     and provide an incentive
     for broad adoption of the technology.
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     And thirdly, the technology is so flexible

     ¶

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     that the same device could be used
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     to detect a broad range
     of medical conditions.
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     Breath analysis could be used to screen
     for multiple diseases at the same time.
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     Nowadays, each disease typically requires
     a different medical tool
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     to perform a screening test.
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     But this means you can only find
     what you're looking for.
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     With all of these features,
     breath analysis is predestined

     ¶

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     to deliver what many traditional
     screening tests are lacking.
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     And most importantly,
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     all of these features should
     eventually provide us
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     with a platform for medical analysis
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     that can operate at attractively
     low cost per test.
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     On the contrary, existing medical tools
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     often lead to rather high cost per test.
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     Then, in order to keep costs down,
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     the number of tests
     needs to be restricted,
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     and this means (a) that the tests
     can only be performed
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     on a narrow part of the population,
     for example, the high-risk population;
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     and (b) that the number of tests
     per person needs to be kept at a minimum.
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     But wouldn't it actually be beneficial
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     if the test was performed
     on a larger group of people,
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     and more often and over a longer period
     of time for each individual?
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     Especially the latter would give access
     to something very valuable
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     that is called longitudinal data.
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     Longitudinal data is a data set
     that tracks the same patient

     ¶

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     over the course of many months or years.
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     Nowadays, medical decisions
     are often based on a limited data set,
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     where only a glimpse
     of a patient's medical history
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     is available for decision-making.
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     In such a case,
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     abnormalities are typically detected
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     by comparing a patient's health profile
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     to the average health profile
     of a reference population.
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     Longitudinal data would
     open up a new dimension
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     and allow abnormalities to be detected
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     based on a patient's own medical history.
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     This will pave the way
     for personalized treatment.
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     Sounds pretty great, right?

     ¶

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     Now you will certainly have a question
     that is something like,
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     "If the technology is as great as he says,
     then why aren't we using it today?"
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     And the only answer I can give you is:
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     not everything is as easy as it sounds.
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     There are technical
     challenges, for example.
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     There's the need for
     extremely reliable sensors
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     that can detect mixtures
     of volatile organic compounds
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     with sufficient reproducibility.
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     And another technical challenge is this:
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     How do you sample a person's breath
     in a very defined manner
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     so that the sampling process itself
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     does not alter the result of the analysis?
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     And there's the need for data.
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     Breath analysis needs
     to be validated in clinical trials,
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     and enough data needs to be collected
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     so that individual conditions
     can be measured against baselines.
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     Breath analysis can only succeed
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     if a large enough data set
     can be generated
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     and made available for broad use.
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     If breath analysis
     holds up to its promises,

     ¶

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     this is a technology
     that could truly aid us
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     to transform our health care system --
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     transform it from a reactive system
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     where treatment is triggered
     by symptoms of disease
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     to a proactive system,
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     where disease detection,
     diagnosis and treatment
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     can happen at early stage,
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     way before any symptoms occur.
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     Now this brings me to my last point,
     and it's a fundamental one.

     ¶

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     What exactly is a disease?
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     Imagine that breath analysis
     can be commercialized as I describe it,
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     and early detection becomes routine.
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     A problem that remains
     is, in fact, a problem
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     that any screening activity has to face
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     because, for many diseases,
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     it is often impossible to predict
     with sufficient certainty
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     whether the disease
     would ever cause any symptoms
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     or put a person's life at risk.
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     This is called overdiagnosis,
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     and it leads to a dilemma.
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     If a disease is identified,
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     you could decide not to treat it
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     because there's a certain probability
     that you would never suffer from it.
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     But how much would you suffer
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     just from knowing that you have
     a potentially deadly disease?
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     And wouldn't you actually regret
     that the disease was detected
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     in the first place?
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     Your second option
     is to undergo early treatment

     ¶

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     with the hope for curing it.
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     But often, this would not come
     without side effects.
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     To be precise:

     ¶

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     the bigger problem is not overdiagnosis,
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     it's overtreatment,
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     because not every disease
     has to be treated immediately
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     just because a treatment is available.
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     The increasing adoption
     of routine screening
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     will raise the question:
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     What do we call a disease
     that can rationalize treatment,
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     and what is just an abnormality
     that should not be a source of concern?
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     My hopes are that routine screening
     using breath analysis
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     can provide enough data and insight
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     so that at some point,
     we'll be able to break this dilemma
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     and predict with sufficient certainty
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     whether and when to treat at early stage.
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     Our breath and the mixture of volatile
     organic compounds that we exhale

     ¶

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     hold tremendous amounts of information
     on our physiological condition.
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     With what we know today,
     we have only scratched the surface.
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     As we collect more and more data
     and breath profiles across the population,
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     including all varieties of gender,
     age, origin and lifestyle,
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     the power of breath analysis
     should increase.
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     And eventually, breath analysis
     should provide us with a powerful tool
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     not only to proactively detect
     specific diseases
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     but to predict
     and ultimately prevent them.
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     And this should be enough motivation
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     to embrace the opportunities
     and challenges
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     that breath analysis can provide,
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     even for people that are not
     part-time hypochondriacs like me.
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     Thank you.

     ¶

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     (Applause)

     ¶