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Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.40,0:00:02.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.32,0:00:05.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably the most\Nappealing part for me was
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.99,0:00:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,answering these long-standing questions\Nthat I've had since I was a kid.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.54,0:00:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Evolutionary biology helps us\Nunderstand the nature around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.54,0:00:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First and foremost,\NI'm interested in evolutionary questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.82,0:00:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm very interested in the biodiversity\Nthat we see on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.08,0:00:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything from species identification\Nto deep, evolutionary questions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.28,0:00:29.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be addressed with DNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.02,0:00:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the CCG provides\Nall of the resources necessary.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.74,0:00:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if someone's out collecting birds\Nor reptiles or whatever,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.88,0:00:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they bring it to the lab \Nand extract the DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.35,0:00:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They purify the DNA,\Nseparate all the cell material from it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.58,0:00:44.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you have pure DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.96,0:00:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once you have pure DNA,\Nyou can do all kinds of things with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.27,0:00:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can sequence that gene\Nfor many different organisms,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.90,0:00:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then compare them to each other\Nand build an evolutionary history,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.30,0:00:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a "family tree" for genes and species.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.08,0:01:00.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the past 30 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.03,0:01:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the main platform for sequencing,\Nis Sanger sequencing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.45,0:01:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With that method we look\Nat one section of the genome at a time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.12,0:01:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With next-gen sequencing methods,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.24,0:01:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the data we can get\Nis massively increased
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.72,0:01:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we can do a lot of\Nthe sequencing in parallel.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.78,0:01:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have the MiSeq\Nsequencing machine here,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.78,0:01:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can produce\N25 million sequences in one read.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.78,0:01:26.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More recently there is\Na third generation sequencing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.67,0:01:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we have\Nan Oxford Nanopore MinION machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.66,0:01:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, by reading those electrical signals,\Nwe're able to read the DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.41,0:01:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It fits in my pocket. It's amazing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.17,0:01:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughs)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.71,0:01:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Matt Van Dam is currently\Nworking on weevils,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.11,0:01:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using this new technology to try\Nto understand their evolutionary history.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.09,0:01:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Weevils are\Na particular family of beetles.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.92,0:01:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the problems,\Nin the genome assembly,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.97,0:01:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that you have\Nall these little bits of information.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.60,0:01:56.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, sometimes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.95,0:02:00.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sticking them together\Nin the right way is extremely complicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.07,0:02:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Nanopore does quite well\Nfor these longer reads.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.04,0:02:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A group of us here, at the Academy,\Nare sequencing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.50,0:02:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the complete genome\Nof the Pygmy Angelfish.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.68,0:02:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that includes all of the chromosomes,\Nall of the mitochondria, and everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.59,0:02:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very exciting work.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.20,0:02:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lauren is trying to look at\Nwhich genes are active or turned on,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.04,0:02:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what kind of combinations\Ncan be produced by these different genes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.97,0:02:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being turned on and off.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.85,0:02:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the craziest things is
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.24,0:02:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've only characterized\Nlike 1% of scorpion venoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.17,0:02:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A single individual scorpion might have
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.44,0:02:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,150 unique types of venom\Nin its venom gland.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.68,0:02:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it has genes to create\Nall of these different venoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.38,0:02:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those venoms are highly specific.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.72,0:02:49.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's active research\Non using scorpion venom
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.99,0:02:55.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to treat cancer, to treat arthritis,\Nto treat multiple sclerosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.49,0:02:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So she is using something\Ncalled RNA-Seq or transcriptomics,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.09,0:03:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what you do is\Nyou sequence all of the proteins.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.08,0:03:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a way to sort of\Nskip the whole genome sequencing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.80,0:03:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can focus just on the RNA,\Nwhich is what produces the proteins.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.58,0:03:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been involved with\Nthe seahorse project, for many years.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.92,0:03:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've been trying to understand\Nthis very complex group.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.36,0:03:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They apparently evolved very rapidly\Nand created many different forms,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.60,0:03:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we have seahorses,\Npipefish, sea dragons,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.43,0:03:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all these wild looking fish,\Nand nobody really knows the relationships
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.20,0:03:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they evolved\Nand radiated very rapidly
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.31,0:03:36.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in a very short period of time.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.19,0:03:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're using a new technology\Ncalled ultra-conserved elements,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.92,0:03:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these are parts of\Nthe genome that are unchanged
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.77,0:03:47.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across hundreds of millions of years\Nto reconstruct those branches.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.37,0:03:51.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our exhibits have lots of amphibians,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.13,0:03:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so when we bring them in,\Nwe have to make sure
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.69,0:03:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we don't spread chytrid fungus\Nto the rest of the others.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.62,0:03:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we put it in\Nwith the rest of the exhibits,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.14,0:04:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would probably all die.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.26,0:04:04.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We essentially create these probes,\Nwhich are pieces of DNA
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.52,0:04:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that match those unique markers\Nto the chytrid fungus.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.76,0:04:10.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the probe matches,\Nwe know it has this fungus.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.11,0:04:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there's no match, we can pretty be sure\Nthat there are no fungus infections.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.25,0:04:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that the role of the CCG
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.02,0:04:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to help every scientist\Nanswer their questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.96,0:04:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are very few questions\Nyou can address without genetic data.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.92,0:04:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have all of this information,\Nthat's accumulated for decades
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.74,0:04:30.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by scientists and naturalists,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.34,0:04:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're depositing it\Nin our collection
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.53,0:04:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with very good ecological data\Nthat's associated with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.20,0:04:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very important\Nthat we can also unlock that knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.92,0:04:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music) ♪