[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.25,0:00:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pollinator decline is a grand challenge\Nin the modern world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.34,0:00:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of the 200,000 species of pollinators,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.43,0:00:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,honeybees are the most well-understood,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.19,0:00:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,partly because of\Nour long history with them,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.30,0:00:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dating back 8,000 years ago\N
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.42,0:00:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to our cave drawings \Nin what's now modern-day Spain,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.76,0:00:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet, we know that\Nthis indicator species is dying off.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.63,0:00:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last year alone, we lost 40%\Nof all beehives in the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.88,0:00:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that number is even higher \Nin areas with harsh winters,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.69,0:00:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like here in Massachusetts,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.12,0:00:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we lost 47% of beehives\Nin one year alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.50,0:00:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you imagine if we lost\Nhalf of our people last year?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.14,0:00:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if those were\Nthe food-producing people?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.83,0:00:51.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I predict that in 10 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.92,0:00:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will lose our bees.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.96,0:00:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If not for the work of beekeepers\Nreplacing these dead beehives,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.34,0:01:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would be without foods\Nthat we rely upon:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.28,0:01:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fruits, vegetables,\Ncrunchy almonds and nuts,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.43,0:01:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tart apples, sour lemons,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.78,0:01:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even the food that\Nour cattle relies upon to eat -
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.82,0:01:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hay and alfalfa, gone -
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.21,0:01:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causing global hunger, economic collapse,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.92,0:01:20.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a total moral crisis across Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.43,0:01:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's going to take an effort \Nfrom every single one of you here
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.99,0:01:26.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to become what we call\N"citizen scientists,"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.87,0:01:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to activate all the things\Nthat you're probably already doing -
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.05,0:01:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, planting flowers, getting beehives,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.89,0:01:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making bee hotels, habitats\Nfor those lesser known pollinators,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.06,0:01:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but beyond that, going a step further,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.35,0:01:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and adding a data\Ncollection element to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.60,0:01:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I'm going to show you\Nhow to do this here today,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.26,0:01:49.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm going to show you how\Nwhen my team shifted our perspective
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.05,0:01:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,away from bees that were dying
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.04,0:01:54.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and toward maps and looking at\Nhot spots for bee health,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.68,0:01:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and shifting our perspective\Naway from honey
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.99,0:01:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as just a sweet, sticky delicious food,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.85,0:02:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to a source of information\Nthat contains a blueprint
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.83,0:02:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for healthy habitat suspended in time\Nin the only food that doesn't go bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.34,0:02:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's where we find the hope
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.18,0:02:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what we'll do together today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.54,0:02:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I first started keeping bees \Nhere in Cape Cod,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.24,0:02:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right after I finished my doctorate \Nin honeybee immunology.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.58,0:02:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.18,0:02:22.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.69,0:02:25.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.67,0:02:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, imagine getting such a degree\Nin a good economy -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.37,0:02:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.47,0:02:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was 2009 - the great recession.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.19,0:02:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was onto something -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.70,0:02:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I knew that I could find out \Nhow to improve bee health.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.96,0:02:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's when word started to spread\Nand I came here to Cape Cod
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.14,0:02:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I realized that this deep connection
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.30,0:02:50.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people have to the land here \Nis so true and long-standing -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.39,0:02:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably because there's so little\Nof the land that is here,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.07,0:02:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're connected to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.63,0:02:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the community on Cape Cod,\Nhere in Provincetown,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.80,0:03:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was right for citizen science,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.56,0:03:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people looking for ways\Nto get involved and to help.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.52,0:03:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, we met with people\Nin coffee shops.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.79,0:03:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A wonderful woman named Natalie\Ngot eight beehives at her home in Truro,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.30,0:03:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she introduced us\Nto her friend Valerie,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.36,0:03:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who let us set up 60 beehives at\Nan abandoned tennis court on her property.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.68,0:03:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we started testing\Nvaccines for bees.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.71,0:03:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were starting to look at probiotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.35,0:03:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We called it bee yogurt.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.18,0:03:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ways to make bees healthier.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.60,0:03:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And our citizen science project\Nstarted to take off.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.58,0:03:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Word started to spread\Nand people started to think,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.97,0:03:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Wow, I can get bees of my own\Nand their little data factory,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.86,0:03:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's great!"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.47,0:03:42.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, back in my apartment here,\NI was a bit nervous about my landlord.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.31,0:03:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I figured I should tell him\Nwhat we were doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.51,0:03:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.64,0:03:46.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was terrified.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.77,0:03:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really thought I was going\Nto get an eviction notice
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.30,0:03:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which really was the last thing\Nwe needed, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.60,0:03:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I must have caught him \Non a good day, though,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.74,0:03:56.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because when I told him what \Nwe were doing and how we started
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.69,0:03:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our non-profit urban\Nbeekeeping laboratory,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.76,0:04:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he said, "That's great!\NLet's get a beehive in the back alley."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.58,0:04:04.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was shocked!
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.05,0:04:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was completely surprised.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.72,0:04:07.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, instead of getting \Nan eviction notice,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.96,0:04:09.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we got another data point.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.64,0:04:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the back alley of this image,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.08,0:04:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you see here, this hidden beehive,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.52,0:04:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that beehive produced \Nmore honey that first year
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.16,0:04:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than we had ever experienced\Nin any beehive we had managed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.67,0:04:23.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over a hundred pounds of honey\Nthat one year alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.69,0:04:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We didn't know what to do with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.31,0:04:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, we were filling up \Npickle jars with the stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.55,0:04:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And since honey is the only food\Nthat never goes bad,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.04,0:04:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the residents and tenants \Nin the community
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.06,0:04:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are still enjoying that honey today.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.02,0:04:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It shifted our research \Nperspective forever.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.93,0:04:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It changed our research question away
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.05,0:04:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from how do we save\Nthe dead and dying bees
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.53,0:04:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to where are bees doing best.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.90,0:04:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we started to be able \Nto put maps together,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.82,0:04:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at all of these\Ncitizen science beehives
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.24,0:04:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from people who had beehives \Nat home decks, gardens, business rooftops.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.63,0:04:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we started to engage the public,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.40,0:04:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the more people who got\Nthese little data points,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.89,0:05:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more accurate our maps became.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.62,0:05:03.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so when you're sitting here thinking,\N"How can I get involved?",
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.81,0:05:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might think about\Nthe story of my friend Fred,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.19,0:05:08.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's a commercial real estate developer
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.11,0:05:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was thinking the same thing.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.07,0:05:14.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even if you own a business,\Nyou can be a citizen scientist too.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.01,0:05:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was at a meeting\Nthinking about what he could do
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.86,0:05:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for tenant relations\Nand sustainability at scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.02,0:05:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while he was having a tea break,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.88,0:05:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he put honey into his tea\Nand noticed, on the honey jar,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.78,0:05:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a message about corporate sustainability\Nfrom the host company of that meeting
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.82,0:05:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it sparked an idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.71,0:05:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He came back to his office, an email,\Na phone call later, and boom!
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.49,0:05:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We went national together.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.02,0:05:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We put dozens of beehives\Non the rooftops of their skyscrapers
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.17,0:05:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across nine cities nationwide.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.63,0:05:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nine years later -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.41,0:05:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.64,0:05:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nine years later we have raised \Nover a million dollars for bee research.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.63,0:05:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a thousand beehives\Nas little data points across the country,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.25,0:06:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,18 states and counting,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.94,0:06:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we have created paying jobs\Nfor local beekeepers - 65 of them -
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.41,0:06:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to manage beehives\Nin their own communities,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.94,0:06:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to connect with people,\Neveryday people who are now data points,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.86,0:06:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,together, making a difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.31,0:06:17.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in order to explain\Nwhat's actually been saving bees,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.100,0:06:19.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they're thriving,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.17,0:06:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I need to first tell you\Nwhat's been killing them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.69,0:06:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The top three killers of bees\Nare agricultural chemicals,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.90,0:06:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as pesticides,\Nherbicides, fungicides;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.68,0:06:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diseases of bees, of which there are many;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.12,0:06:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and habitat loss.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.72,0:06:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what we did is we looked at our maps
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.74,0:06:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we identified areas \Nwhere bees were thriving,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.33,0:06:38.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this was mostly in cities, we found.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.87,0:06:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Data are now showing\Nthat urban beehives produce more honey
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.85,0:06:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than rural beehives and suburban beehives.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.46,0:06:49.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Urban beehives have a longer lifespan\Nthan rural and suburban beehives.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.61,0:06:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And bees in the city are more biodiverse;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.26,0:06:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are more bee species in urban areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.76,0:06:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.94,0:06:57.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.34,0:06:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Why is this?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.38,0:07:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was our question.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.72,0:07:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we started with these 3 killers\Nof bees and we flipped it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.01,0:07:06.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which of these is different in the cities?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.21,0:07:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the first one: Pesticides.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.69,0:07:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We partnered up with the\NHarvard School of Public Health.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.35,0:07:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We shared our data with them,\Nwe collected samples
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.72,0:07:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from our citizen science beehives\Nat people's homes and business rooftops.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.86,0:07:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we looked at pesticides levels
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.48,0:07:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we thought there'd be less pesticides\Nin areas where bees are doing better.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.62,0:07:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.73,0:07:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we found here in our study\Nis that the orange bars are Boston,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.20,0:07:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we thought those bars\Nwould be the lowest,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.38,0:07:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there would be the lowest level\Nof pesticides and, in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.84,0:07:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are the most\Npesticides in the cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.22,0:07:38.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the pesticide hypothesis\Nfor what saving bees,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.100,0:07:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less pesticides in cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.48,0:07:42.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.01,0:07:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is very typical\Nof my life as a scientist.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.88,0:07:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any time I've had a hypothesis,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.74,0:07:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only is it not supported,\Nbut the opposite is true.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.67,0:07:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.90,0:07:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is still \Nan interesting finding, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.16,0:07:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We moved on.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.16,0:07:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The disease hypothesis.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.56,0:07:58.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We looked at diseases\Nall over our beehives
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.95,0:08:03.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what we found in similar study\Nto this one with the North Carolina State:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.53,0:08:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no difference between disease and\Nbees in urban, suburban and rural areas,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.42,0:08:10.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diseases are everywhere;\Nbees are sick and dying.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.06,0:08:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, there were more\Ndiseases of bees in cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.72,0:08:14.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was from Raleigh, North Carolina.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.77,0:08:17.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So again, my hypothesis \Nwas not supported,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.03,0:08:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the opposite was true.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.67,0:08:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're moving on.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.17,0:08:22.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.37,0:08:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The habitat hypothesis.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.52,0:08:28.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This said that areas where bees\Nare thriving have a better habitat.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.36,0:08:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More flowers, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.93,0:08:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we didn't know how to test this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.77,0:08:34.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I had a really interesting meeting \Nand an idea sparked
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.61,0:08:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with my friend and colleague,\NAnne Madden, fellow TED speaker,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.28,0:08:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we thought about genomics,\Nkind of like AncestryDNA or 23andMe -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.72,0:08:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you done these?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.94,0:08:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, you spit in the tube \Nand you find out, "I'm German," right?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.24,0:08:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.17,0:08:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We developed this for honey, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.29,0:08:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we have a sample of honey
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.84,0:08:55.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we look at all the plant DNA\Nand we find out, "I'm Sumac."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.19,0:08:56.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.42,0:08:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what we found here\Nin Provincetown,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.93,0:09:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so, for the first time ever\NI'm able to report to you
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.60,0:09:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what type of honey is from right here\Nin our own community.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.40,0:09:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Honey DNA, a genomics test.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.72,0:09:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spring honey in Provincetown\Nis from Privet.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.90,0:09:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's Privet?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.13,0:09:12.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hedges.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.29,0:09:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's the message?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.47,0:09:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't trim your hedges to save the bees.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.39,0:09:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.22,0:09:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.99,0:09:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know we're getting crunchy here,\Nand it's controversial,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.72,0:09:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so before you throw your tomatoes,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.34,0:09:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's move to the summer honey,\Nwhich is water-lily honey.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.09,0:09:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have honey from Provincetown,\Nright here in the summer,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.02,0:09:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're eating water-lily juice.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.75,0:09:31.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the fall, sumac honey.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.05,0:09:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're learning about our food \Nfor the first time ever
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.36,0:09:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now we are able to report,\Nif you need to do any city planning,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.84,0:09:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what are good things to plant,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.75,0:09:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what do we know the bees are going to\Nthat's good for your garden.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.45,0:09:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's more interesting for us\Nis deeper in the data.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.81,0:09:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you are from the Caribbean\Nand you want to explore your heritage -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.38,0:09:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bahamian honey is from the Laurel family;\Ncinnamon and avocado flavors.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.44,0:09:58.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what's more interesting \Nis 85 different plant species
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.41,0:10:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in one teaspoon of honey.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.24,0:10:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the measure that we want.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.89,0:10:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The big data.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.97,0:10:04.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indian honey.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.54,0:10:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is oak.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.81,0:10:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every sample we tested from India is oak
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.22,0:10:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's a 172 different flavours\Nin one taste of Indian honey.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.20,0:10:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Provincetown honey goes\Nfrom a 116 plants in the spring
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.83,0:10:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to over 200 plants in the summer.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.07,0:10:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the numbers that we need\Nto test the habitat hypothesis
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.54,0:10:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in another citizen science approach.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.37,0:10:28.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You find out about your food\Nand we get some interesting data.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.53,0:10:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we're finding out now \Nthat in rural areas
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.75,0:10:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are a 150 plants on average\Nin a sample of honey.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.24,0:10:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a measure for rural.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.90,0:10:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suburban areas, what might you think?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.93,0:10:42.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do they have less or more plants\Nin suburban areas with lawns -
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.11,0:10:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that look nice for people\Nbut they're terrible for pollinators?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.89,0:10:48.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suburbs have very low plant diversity,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.65,0:10:50.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if you have a beautiful lawn,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.39,0:10:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, good for you, but you can do more.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.56,0:10:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can have a patch of your lawn\Nthat's a wildflower medow
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.75,0:11:00.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to diversify your habitat\Nto improve pollinator health.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.49,0:11:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anybody can do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.28,0:11:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Urban areas have the most habitat.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.78,0:11:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The best habitat they have -
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.37,0:11:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can see here, \Nover 200 different plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.78,0:11:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have, for the first time ever,\Nsupport for the habitat hypothesis.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.86,0:11:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also now know \Nhow we can work with cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.01,0:11:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The city of Boston has eight times \Nbetter habitat than its nearby suburbs.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.02,0:11:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so when we work with governments,\Nwe can scale this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.83,0:11:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might think on my tombstone it'll say,\N"Here lies Noah, plant a flower," right?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.78,0:11:31.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.01,0:11:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's exhausting after all of this, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.70,0:11:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when we scale together,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.38,0:11:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we go to governments\Nand city planners -
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.55,0:11:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like, in Boston, the honey \Nis mostly Linden trees,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.93,0:11:43.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we say, "If a dead tree needs\Nto be replaced, consider Linden."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.07,0:11:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, when we take this information\Nto governments, we can do amazing things.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.59,0:11:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a rooftop from Fred's company.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.88,0:11:52.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can plant those things\Non top of rooftops worldwide
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.43,0:11:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to start restoring habitat\Nand securing food systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.55,0:11:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've worked with the World Bank,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.24,0:11:59.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the presidential delegation\Nfrom the country of Haiti.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.97,0:12:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've worked with wonderful graduate\Nstudents at Yale University in Ethiopia,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.61,0:12:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in these countries we can add value\Nto their honey by identifying what it is,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.42,0:12:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but informing the people\Nof what to plant to restore their habitats
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.60,0:12:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and secure their food systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.72,0:12:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I think is even more important\Nis when we think about natural disasters.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.54,0:12:19.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the first time, we now know\Nhow we can have a baseline measure
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.69,0:12:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of any habitat before\Nit might be destroyed.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.78,0:12:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about your hometown.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.46,0:12:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What risks does\Nthe environment pose to it?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.04,0:12:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is how we're going to save\NPuerto Rico after Hurricane Maria.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.37,0:12:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now have a baseline measure of honey,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.38,0:12:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,honey DNA from before and after the storm.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.09,0:12:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We started in Humacao.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.18,0:12:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is right where\NHurricane Maria made landfall.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.63,0:12:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we know what plants to replace,\Nand in what quantity and where,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.52,0:12:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by triangulating honey DNA samples.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.98,0:12:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might even think about right here,\Nthe beautiful land that connected us,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.64,0:12:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that primed all the\Ncitizen science to begin with.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.88,0:13:00.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The erosion, the winter storms\Nthat are getting more violent every year.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.01,0:13:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are we going to do about this,\Nour precious land?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.66,0:13:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While looking at honey DNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.99,0:13:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see what plants\Nare good for pollinators
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.20,0:13:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have deep roots\Nthat can secure the land.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.05,0:13:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And together, everybody can participate\Nand the solution fits in a teaspoon.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.92,0:13:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If your hometown might get swept away\Nor destroyed by a natural disaster,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.68,0:13:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we now have a blueprint suspended in time\Nfor how to restore that on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.90,0:13:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or perhaps even in a greenhouse on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.98,0:13:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know it sounds crazy,\Nbut think about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.65,0:13:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new Provincetown,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.94,0:13:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new hometown,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.16,0:13:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a place that might be familiar
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.81,0:13:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's also good for pollinators \Nfor a stable food system,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.94,0:13:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we're thinking about the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.91,0:13:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, together we know what's saving bees:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.96,0:13:50.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By planting diverse habitats.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.09,0:13:52.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know how bees are going to save us:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.35,0:13:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By being barometers\Nfor environmental health,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.80,0:13:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by being blueprints,\Nsources of information,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.58,0:14:01.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little data factories, suspended in time.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.66,0:14:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now you all know exactly\Nwhat you can do as citizen scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.40,0:14:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get beehives.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.03,0:14:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.28,0:14:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)