[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.08,0:00:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which of these three people \Nis doing something risky? Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.54,0:00:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it the one who takes their cholesterol \Nmedication with grapefruit juice? Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.01,0:00:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one who takes Acetaminophen pain \Nrelievers Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.49,0:00:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a sore ankle before \Ngoing out for drinks? Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.44,0:00:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or the one who’s on a blood-thinning \Nmedication Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.21,0:00:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and takes an aspirin for a headache? Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.66,0:00:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, all of them are. Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.23,0:00:34.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each has inadvertently created a drug \Ninteraction that could, in extreme cases, Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.61,0:00:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lead to kidney failure; liver damage; Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.13,0:00:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or internal bleeding. Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.69,0:00:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Drug interactions happen Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.32,0:00:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the combination of a drug \Nwith another substance Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.72,0:00:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causes different effects than either \Nwould individually. Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.40,0:00:52.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Foods, herbal supplements, legal drugs, \Nand illicit substances Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.21,0:00:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can all cause drug interactions. Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.53,0:00:57.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most drug interactions\Nfall into two categories. Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.94,0:01:02.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some take place when two substances’ \Neffects influence each other directly. Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.83,0:01:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other cases, one substance effects \Nhow the body processes another, Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.22,0:01:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like how it is absorbed, metabolized, \Nor transported around the body. Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.81,0:01:14.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blood thinners and aspirin, for example, Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.67,0:01:18.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have similar effects that become \Ndangerous when combined. Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.51,0:01:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both prevent blood clots from forming— Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.79,0:01:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blood thinners by preventing the formation\Nof the clotting factors Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.22,0:01:25.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that hold clots together, Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.93,0:01:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and aspirin by preventing blood cells \Nfrom clumping into groups Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.64,0:01:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that become clots. Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.60,0:01:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Individually, these effects \Nare usually safe, Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.57,0:01:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but taken together, they can prevent blood\Nclotting to a dangerous extent, Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.55,0:01:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possibly causing internal bleeding. Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.93,0:01:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While blood thinners and aspirin are \Ngenerally harmless Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.01,0:01:45.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when taken individually, Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.59,0:01:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interactions where one substance \Nexacerbates the effects of another Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.84,0:01:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can also take place between drugs that\Nare independently harmful. Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.90,0:01:56.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cocaine and heroin are each dangerous, Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.65,0:02:00.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those dangers compound when the \Ntwo drugs are combined— Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.09,0:02:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though their behavioral effects may \Nfeel like they cancel each other out. Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.06,0:02:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cocaine is a stimulant, and many of its \Neffects, like increased heart rate, Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.90,0:02:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cause the body to need more oxygen. Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.60,0:02:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But heroin, a depressant, \Nslows breathing— Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.03,0:02:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reducing the body’s oxygen supply just \Nwhen it needs more. Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.05,0:02:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This combination strains the organs and \Ncan cause respiratory failure and death. Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.33,0:02:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The interaction between grapefruit juice \Nand certain medications Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.57,0:02:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in class of cholesterol-lowering drugs \Ncalled statins, Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.28,0:02:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has to do with drug metabolism. Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.56,0:02:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The liver produces enzymes, molecules that\Nfacilitate the breakdown of substances Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.78,0:02:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that enter the body. Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.80,0:02:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Enzymes can both activate drugs, Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.18,0:02:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by breaking them down into their \Ntherapeutic ingredients Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.18,0:02:50.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from more complex molecules, \Nand deactivate them, Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.62,0:02:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by breaking harmful compounds down \Ninto harmless metabolites. Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.08,0:02:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are many, many different enzymes, Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.48,0:03:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each of which has a binding site that \Nfits a specific molecule. Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.42,0:03:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Grapefruit binds to the same enzyme \Nas statins, Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.68,0:03:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making less of that enzyme available \Nto break down statins. Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.66,0:03:13.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So combining the two means that a \Ngreater concentration of the drug Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.55,0:03:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stays in the bloodstream for a longer \Nperiod of time, Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.83,0:03:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,potentially causing kidney failure. Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.28,0:03:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alcohol can also alter the function of the\Nenzyme that breaks down Acetaminophen, Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.35,0:03:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the active ingredient in pain relievers \Nlike Tylenol and paracetamol. Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.79,0:03:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When someone takes Acetaminophen, some\Nof it is converted into a toxic substance. Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.74,0:03:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the recommended dose, Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.45,0:03:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there isn’t usually enough of this toxic \Nbyproduct to cause harm. Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.13,0:03:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But heavy drinking can alter enzyme \Nactivity Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.99,0:03:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so more of that byproduct is produced, Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.67,0:03:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,potentially causing liver damage Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.42,0:03:50.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even with what’s usually a safe dose of \Nacetominophen. Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.09,0:03:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, the herbal remedy Saint John’s\NWort increases the liver’s production Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.88,0:03:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a particular enzyme. Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.58,0:04:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means the drugs this enzyme is \Nresponsible for breaking down Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.56,0:04:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get metabolized faster— Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.26,0:04:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes too fast, before they can \Nhave their therapeutic effects. Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.38,0:04:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In spite of the dizzying number of \Npossible interactions, Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.22,0:04:15.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the dangerous interactions \Nwith commonly used drugs are well known. Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.64,0:04:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And new developments in science are \Nhelping us keep better track Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.03,0:04:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of drug interactions than ever. Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.57,0:04:26.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some researchers are developing AI \Nprograms that can predict the side effects Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.07,0:04:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of drug interactions before they occur, Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.94,0:04:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using information about the landscape \Nof protein interactions within your body. Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.56,0:04:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the new drugs that are being developed\Nall the time, Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.53,0:04:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,supercomputers are being used to find \Npotential interactions Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.11,0:04:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while those drugs \Nare still in development.