How we're growing baby corals to rebuild reefs
-
0:01 - 0:03What was the most
difficult job you ever did? -
0:04 - 0:05Was it working in the sun?
-
0:06 - 0:08Was it working to provide food
for a family or a community? -
0:09 - 0:13Was it working days and nights
trying to protect lives and property? -
0:14 - 0:15Was it working alone
-
0:15 - 0:18or working on a project
that wasn't guaranteed to succeed, -
0:18 - 0:21but that might improve
human health or save a life? -
0:22 - 0:27Was it working to build something,
create something, make a work of art? -
0:27 - 0:29Was it work for which you were never sure
-
0:29 - 0:32you were fully understood or appreciated?
-
0:33 - 0:35The people in our communities
who do these jobs -
0:35 - 0:39deserve our attention, our love
and our deepest support. -
0:39 - 0:42But people aren't the only ones
in our communities -
0:42 - 0:44who do these difficult jobs.
-
0:44 - 0:47These jobs are also done
by the plants, the animals -
0:47 - 0:49and the ecosystems on our planet,
-
0:49 - 0:53including the ecosystems I study:
the tropical coral reefs. -
0:54 - 0:56Coral reefs are farmers.
-
0:56 - 0:59They provide food, income
and food security -
0:59 - 1:01for hundreds of millions
of people around the world. -
1:01 - 1:04Coral reefs are security guards.
-
1:04 - 1:07The structures that they build
protect our shorelines -
1:07 - 1:09from storm surge and waves,
-
1:09 - 1:13and the biological systems
that they house filter the water -
1:13 - 1:15and make it safer for us to work and play.
-
1:16 - 1:18Coral reefs are chemists.
-
1:18 - 1:22The molecules that we're discovering
on coral reefs are increasingly important -
1:22 - 1:26in the search for new antibiotics
and new cancer drugs. -
1:26 - 1:28And coral reefs are artists.
-
1:28 - 1:29The structures that they build
-
1:29 - 1:32are some of the most
beautiful things on planet Earth. -
1:32 - 1:35And this beauty is the foundation
of the tourism industry -
1:35 - 1:39in many countries with few
or little other natural resources. -
1:40 - 1:43So for all of these reasons,
all of these ecosystem services, -
1:43 - 1:46economists estimate the value
of the world's coral reefs -
1:46 - 1:49in the hundreds of billions
of dollars per year. -
1:49 - 1:52And yet despite all that hard work
being done for us -
1:52 - 1:55and all that wealth that we gain,
-
1:55 - 1:59we have done almost everything
we possibly could to destroy that. -
1:59 - 2:01We have taken the fish out of the oceans
-
2:01 - 2:04and we have added in fertilizer, sewage,
-
2:04 - 2:08diseases, oil, pollution, sediments.
-
2:08 - 2:11We have trampled the reefs physically
with our boats, our fins, our bulldozers, -
2:12 - 2:14and we have changed the chemistry
of the entire sea, -
2:14 - 2:17warmed the waters and made storms worse.
-
2:17 - 2:19And these would all be bad on their own,
-
2:19 - 2:21but these threats magnify each other
-
2:21 - 2:24and compound one another
and make each other worse. -
2:24 - 2:25I'll give you an example.
-
2:25 - 2:29Where I live and work, in Curaçao,
a tropical storm went by a few years ago. -
2:29 - 2:31And on the eastern end of the island,
-
2:31 - 2:33where the reefs are intact and thriving,
-
2:33 - 2:36you could barely tell
a tropical storm had passed. -
2:36 - 2:42But in town, where corals had died
from overfishing, from pollution, -
2:42 - 2:44the tropical storm picked up
the dead corals -
2:44 - 2:47and used them as bludgeons
to kill the corals that were left. -
2:47 - 2:50This is a coral that I studied
during my PhD -- -
2:50 - 2:51I got to know it quite well.
-
2:51 - 2:54And after this storm
took off half of its tissue, -
2:54 - 2:56it became infested with algae,
-
2:56 - 2:59the algae overgrew the tissue
and that coral died. -
2:59 - 3:03This magnification of threats,
this compounding of factors -
3:03 - 3:08is what Jeremy Jackson describes
as the "slippery slope to slime." -
3:09 - 3:12It's hardly even a metaphor
because many of our reefs now -
3:12 - 3:16are literally bacteria
and algae and slime. -
3:17 - 3:19Now, this is the part of the talk
-
3:19 - 3:21where you may expect me
to launch into my plea -
3:22 - 3:24for us to all save the coral reefs.
-
3:25 - 3:27But I have a confession to make:
-
3:28 - 3:30that phrase drives me nuts.
-
3:30 - 3:34Whether I see it in a tweet,
in a news headline -
3:34 - 3:38or the glossy pages
of a conservation brochure, -
3:38 - 3:40that phrase bothers me,
-
3:40 - 3:42because we as conservationists
have been sounding the alarms -
3:42 - 3:45about the death
of coral reefs for decades. -
3:45 - 3:49And yet, almost everyone I meet,
no matter how educated, -
3:49 - 3:53is not sure what a coral is
or where they come from. -
3:53 - 3:57How would we get someone to care
about the world's coral reefs -
3:57 - 4:01when it's an abstract thing
they can barely understand? -
4:01 - 4:04If they don't understand
what a coral is or where it comes from, -
4:04 - 4:07or how funny or interesting
or beautiful it is, -
4:07 - 4:10why would we expect them
to care about saving them? -
4:11 - 4:12So let's change that.
-
4:12 - 4:14What is a coral
and where does it come from? -
4:15 - 4:17Corals are born
in a number of different ways, -
4:17 - 4:22but most often by mass spawning:
all of the individuals of a single species -
4:22 - 4:23on one night a year,
-
4:23 - 4:26releasing all the eggs
they've made that year -
4:26 - 4:27into the water column,
-
4:27 - 4:29packaged into bundles with sperm cells.
-
4:30 - 4:33And those bundles go to the surface
of the ocean and break apart. -
4:33 - 4:36And hopefully -- hopefully --
at the surface of the ocean, -
4:36 - 4:38they meet the eggs and sperm
from other corals. -
4:38 - 4:41And that is why you need
lots of corals on a coral reef -- -
4:41 - 4:45so that all of their eggs can
meet their match at the surface. -
4:45 - 4:48When they're fertilized, they do
what any other animal egg does: -
4:48 - 4:51divides in half again and again and again.
-
4:51 - 4:54Taking these photos
under the microscope every year -
4:54 - 4:57is one of my favorite and most
magical moments of the year. -
4:57 - 5:01At the end of all this cell division,
they turn into a swimming larva -- -
5:01 - 5:04a little tiny blob of fat
the size of a poppy seed, -
5:04 - 5:07but with all of the sensory
systems that we have. -
5:07 - 5:13They can sense color and light,
textures, chemicals, pH. -
5:13 - 5:16They can even feel pressure waves;
they can hear sound. -
5:16 - 5:18And they use those talents
-
5:18 - 5:20to search the bottom of the reef
for a place to attach -
5:20 - 5:22and live the rest of their lives.
-
5:22 - 5:25So imagine finding a place
where you would live the rest of your life -
5:25 - 5:27when you were just two days old.
-
5:28 - 5:31They attach in the place
they find most suitable, -
5:31 - 5:33they build a skeleton
underneath themselves, -
5:33 - 5:34they build a mouth and tentacles,
-
5:34 - 5:38and then they begin the difficult work
of building the world's coral reefs. -
5:39 - 5:43One coral polyp will divide itself
again and again and again, -
5:43 - 5:45leaving a limestone skeleton
underneath itself -
5:45 - 5:47and growing up toward the sun.
-
5:48 - 5:51Given hundreds of years and many species,
-
5:51 - 5:53what you get is a massive
limestone structure -
5:53 - 5:56that can be seen from space in many cases,
-
5:56 - 5:59covered by a thin skin
of these hardworking animals. -
6:00 - 6:04Now, there are only a few hundred species
of corals on the planet, maybe 1,000. -
6:04 - 6:09But these systems house millions
and millions of other species, -
6:09 - 6:12and that diversity is what
stabilizes the systems, -
6:12 - 6:14and it's where we're finding
our new medicines. -
6:14 - 6:17It's how we find new sources of food.
-
6:18 - 6:20I'm lucky enough to work
on the island of Curaçao, -
6:20 - 6:22where we still have reefs
that look like this. -
6:22 - 6:27But, indeed, much of the Caribbean
and much of our world -
6:27 - 6:29is much more like this.
-
6:29 - 6:32Scientists have studied
in increasing detail -
6:32 - 6:34the loss of the world's coral reefs,
-
6:34 - 6:37and they have documented
with increasing certainty the causes. -
6:37 - 6:40But in my research, I'm not
interested in looking backward. -
6:40 - 6:43My colleagues and I in Curaçao
are interested in looking forward -
6:43 - 6:45at what might be.
-
6:45 - 6:48And we have the tiniest reason
to be optimistic. -
6:49 - 6:51Because even in some of these reefs
-
6:51 - 6:54that we probably could have
written off long ago, -
6:54 - 6:59we sometimes see baby corals
arrive and survive anyway. -
6:59 - 7:02And we're starting to think
that baby corals may have the ability -
7:02 - 7:06to adjust to some of the conditions
that the adults couldn't. -
7:06 - 7:08They may be able to adjust
-
7:08 - 7:12ever so slightly more readily
to this human planet. -
7:13 - 7:17So in the research I do
with my colleagues in Curaçao, -
7:17 - 7:19we try to figure out
what a baby coral needs -
7:19 - 7:21in that critical early stage,
-
7:21 - 7:22what it's looking for
-
7:22 - 7:25and how we can try to help it
through that process. -
7:25 - 7:28I'm going to show you three examples
of the work we've done -
7:28 - 7:30to try to answer those questions.
-
7:31 - 7:35A few years ago we took a 3D printer
and we made coral choice surveys -- -
7:35 - 7:37different colors and different textures,
-
7:37 - 7:40and we simply asked the coral
where they preferred to settle. -
7:40 - 7:43And we found that corals,
even without the biology involved, -
7:43 - 7:46still prefer white and pink,
the colors of a healthy reef. -
7:46 - 7:50And they prefer crevices
and grooves and holes, -
7:50 - 7:52where they will be safe
from being trampled -
7:52 - 7:53or eaten by a predator.
-
7:53 - 7:55So we can use this knowledge,
-
7:55 - 7:58we can go back and say
we need to restore those factors -- -
7:58 - 8:01that pink, that white, those crevices,
those hard surfaces -- -
8:01 - 8:03in our conservation projects.
-
8:03 - 8:04We can also use that knowledge
-
8:04 - 8:08if we're going to put something
underwater, like a sea wall or a pier. -
8:08 - 8:11We can choose to use the materials
and colors and textures -
8:11 - 8:15that might bias the system
back toward those corals. -
8:15 - 8:17Now in addition to the surfaces,
-
8:17 - 8:20we also study the chemical
and microbial signals -
8:20 - 8:22that attract corals to reefs.
-
8:22 - 8:25Starting about six years ago,
I began culturing bacteria -
8:25 - 8:27from surfaces where corals had settled.
-
8:27 - 8:30And I tried those one by one by one,
-
8:30 - 8:35looking for the bacteria that would
convince corals to settle and attach. -
8:35 - 8:38And we now have many
bacterial strains in our freezer -
8:38 - 8:39that will reliably cause corals
-
8:39 - 8:42to go through that settlement
and attachment process. -
8:42 - 8:44So as we speak,
-
8:44 - 8:46my colleagues in Curaçao
are testing those bacteria -
8:46 - 8:49to see if they'll help us raise
more coral settlers in the lab, -
8:49 - 8:52and to see if those coral settlers
will survive better -
8:52 - 8:54when we put them back underwater.
-
8:54 - 8:58Now in addition to these tools,
we also try to uncover the mysteries -
8:58 - 9:00of species that are under-studied.
-
9:01 - 9:04This is one of my favorite corals,
and always has been: -
9:04 - 9:07dendrogyra cylindrus, the pillar coral.
-
9:07 - 9:10I love it because it makes
this ridiculous shape, -
9:10 - 9:13because its tentacles
are fat and look fuzzy -
9:13 - 9:15and because it's rare.
-
9:15 - 9:17Finding one of these on a reef is a treat.
-
9:18 - 9:19In fact, it's so rare,
-
9:19 - 9:21that last year it was listed
as a threatened species -
9:21 - 9:23on the endangered species list.
-
9:23 - 9:27And this was in part because
in over 30 years of research surveys, -
9:27 - 9:30scientists had never found
a baby pillar coral. -
9:31 - 9:33We weren't even sure
if they could still reproduce, -
9:33 - 9:35or if they were still reproducing.
-
9:36 - 9:38So four years ago, we started
following these at night -
9:38 - 9:43and watching to see if we could
figure out when they spawn in Curaçao. -
9:44 - 9:47We got some good tips
from our colleagues in Florida, -
9:47 - 9:51who had seen one in 2007, one in 2008,
-
9:51 - 9:53and eventually we figured out
when they spawn in Curaçao -
9:53 - 9:55and we caught it.
-
9:55 - 9:58Here's a female on the left
with some eggs in her tissue, -
9:58 - 10:00about to release them into the seawater.
-
10:00 - 10:02And here's a male
on the right, releasing sperm. -
10:03 - 10:06We collected this, we got it
back to the lab, we got it to fertilize -
10:06 - 10:10and we got baby pillar corals
swimming in our lab. -
10:11 - 10:13Thanks to the work
of our scientific aunts and uncles, -
10:13 - 10:16and thanks to the 10 years of practice
we've had in Curaçao -
10:16 - 10:18at raising other coral species,
-
10:18 - 10:22we got some of those larvae
to go through the rest of the process -
10:22 - 10:24and settle and attach,
-
10:24 - 10:26and turn into metamorphosed corals.
-
10:26 - 10:31So this is the first pillar coral baby
that anyone ever saw. -
10:32 - 10:37(Applause)
-
10:37 - 10:40And I have to say --
if you think baby pandas are cute, -
10:40 - 10:42this is cuter.
-
10:42 - 10:44(Laughter)
-
10:44 - 10:47So we're starting to figure out
the secrets to this process, -
10:47 - 10:51the secrets of coral reproduction
and how we might help them. -
10:51 - 10:53And this is true all around the world;
-
10:53 - 10:56scientists are figuring out new ways
to handle their embryos, -
10:56 - 10:57to get them to settle,
-
10:57 - 11:02maybe even figuring out the methods
to preserve them at low temperatures, -
11:02 - 11:05so that we can preserve
their genetic diversity -
11:05 - 11:07and work with them more often.
-
11:07 - 11:10But this is still so low-tech.
-
11:10 - 11:15We are limited by the space on our bench,
the number of hands in the lab -
11:15 - 11:19and the number of coffees
we can drink in any given hour. -
11:20 - 11:23Now, compare that to our other crises
-
11:23 - 11:26and our other areas
of concern as a society. -
11:26 - 11:30We have advanced medical technology,
we have defense technology, -
11:30 - 11:32we have scientific technology,
-
11:32 - 11:34we even have advanced technology for art.
-
11:34 - 11:39But our technology
for conservation is behind. -
11:41 - 11:44Think back to the most
difficult job you ever did. -
11:45 - 11:48Many of you would say
it was being a parent. -
11:48 - 11:50My mother described being a parent
-
11:50 - 11:54as something that makes your life
far more amazing and far more difficult -
11:54 - 11:57than you could've ever possibly imagined.
-
11:57 - 12:01I've been trying to help corals
become parents for over 10 years now. -
12:02 - 12:04And watching the wonder of life
-
12:04 - 12:08has certainly filled me with amazement
to the core of my soul. -
12:08 - 12:11But I've also seen how difficult
it is for them to become parents. -
12:12 - 12:15The pillar corals spawned
again two weeks ago, -
12:15 - 12:18and we collected their eggs
and brought them back to the lab. -
12:18 - 12:20And here you see one embryo dividing,
-
12:20 - 12:23alongside 14 eggs that didn't fertilize
-
12:23 - 12:24and will blow up.
-
12:25 - 12:27They'll be infected with bacteria,
they will explode -
12:27 - 12:31and those bacteria will threaten
the life of this one embryo -
12:31 - 12:33that has a chance.
-
12:34 - 12:37We don't know if it was our handling
methods that went wrong -
12:37 - 12:38and we don't know
-
12:38 - 12:43if it was just this coral on this reef,
always suffering from low fertility. -
12:44 - 12:45Whatever the cause,
-
12:45 - 12:49we have much more work to do
before we can use baby corals -
12:49 - 12:54to grow or fix or, yes,
maybe save coral reefs. -
12:55 - 12:59So never mind that they're worth
hundreds of billions of dollars. -
12:59 - 13:04Coral reefs are hardworking animals
and plants and microbes and fungi. -
13:04 - 13:08They're providing us with art
and food and medicine. -
13:08 - 13:12And we almost took out
an entire generation of corals. -
13:12 - 13:16But a few made it anyway,
despite our best efforts, -
13:16 - 13:19and now it's time for us to thank them
for the work they did -
13:19 - 13:24and give them every chance they have
to raise the coral reefs of the future, -
13:24 - 13:26their coral babies.
-
13:26 - 13:27Thank you so much.
-
13:27 - 13:33(Applause)
- Title:
- How we're growing baby corals to rebuild reefs
- Speaker:
- Kristen Marhaver
- Description:
-
Kristen Marhaver studies corals, tiny creatures the size of a poppyseed that, over hundreds of slow years, create beautiful, life-sustaining ocean structures hundreds of miles long. As she admits, it's easy to get sad about the state of coral reefs; they're in the news lately because of how quickly they're bleaching, dying and turning to slime. But the good news is that we're learning more and more about these amazing marine invertebrates — including how to help them (and help them help us). This biologist and TED Senior Fellow offers a glimpse into the wonderful and mysterious lives of these hard-working and fragile creatures.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 13:46
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How we're growing baby coral to save the reefs | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How we're growing baby coral to save the reefs | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How we're growing baby coral to save the reefs | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How we're growing baby coral to save the reefs | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How we're growing baby coral to save the reefs | ||
Brian Greene approved English subtitles for How we're growing baby coral to save the reefs | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How we're growing baby coral to save the reefs | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How we're growing baby coral to save the reefs |