[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.63,0:00:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you ever think about how important\Nthe oceans are in our daily lives?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.83,0:00:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The oceans cover two-thirds of our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.19,0:00:13.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They provide half the oxygen we breathe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.04,0:00:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They moderate our climate.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.06,0:00:19.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they provide jobs\Nand medicine and food
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.18,0:00:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including 20 percent of protein\Nto feed the entire world population.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.33,0:00:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People used to think\Nthat the oceans were so vast
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.87,0:00:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they wouldn't be affected\Nby human activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.20,0:00:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well today I'm going to tell you\Nabout a serious reality
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.52,0:00:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is changing our oceans\Ncalled ocean acidification,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.36,0:00:42.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the evil twin of climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.90,0:00:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did you know that the oceans have absorbed\N25 percent of all of the carbon dioxide
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.35,0:00:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have emitted to the atmosphere?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.97,0:00:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this is just another great service\Nprovided by the oceans
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.63,0:00:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since carbon dioxide\Nis one of the greenhouse gases
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.53,0:01:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's causing climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.31,0:01:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as we keep pumping\Nmore and more and more
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.37,0:01:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.03,0:01:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more is dissolving into the oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.80,0:01:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is what's changing\Nour ocean chemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.35,0:01:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.76,0:01:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it undergoes a number\Nof chemical reactions.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.42,0:01:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now lucky for you,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.61,0:01:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't have time to get into\Nthe details of the chemistry for today.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.39,0:01:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'll tell you as more\Ncarbon dioxide enters the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.74,0:01:31.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the seawater pH goes down.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.73,0:01:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this basically means that there\Nis an increase in ocean acidity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.35,0:01:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this whole process\Nis called ocean acidification.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.90,0:01:43.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's happening\Nalongside climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.36,0:01:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists have been monitoring\Nocean acidification for over two decades.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.100,0:01:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This figure is an important\Ntime series in Hawaii,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.70,0:01:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the top line shows steadily increasing\Nconcentrations of carbon dioxide,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.62,0:01:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or CO2 gas, in the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.24,0:02:02.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is directly as a result\Nof human activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.34,0:02:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The line underneath shows the increasing\Nconcentrations of carbon dioxide
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.40,0:02:10.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is dissolved\Nin the surface of the ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.58,0:02:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which you can see is increasing\Nat the same rate
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.56,0:02:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere\Nsince measurements began.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.93,0:02:19.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The line on the bottom shows\Nthen shows the change in chemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.96,0:02:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As more carbon dioxide\Nhas entered the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.81,0:02:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the seawater pH has gone down,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.55,0:02:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which basically means there has been\Nan increase in ocean acidity.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.18,0:02:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now in Ireland, scientists are also\Nmonitoring ocean acidification --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.28,0:02:38.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists at the Marine\NInstitute and NUI Galway.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.22,0:02:42.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we, too, are seeing\Nacidification at the same rate
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.40,0:02:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as these main ocean time-series\Nsites around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.87,0:02:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's happening right at our doorstep.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.57,0:02:52.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'd like to give you an example\Nof just how we collect our data
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.75,0:02:55.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to monitor a changing ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.19,0:02:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Firstly we collect a lot of our samples\Nin the middle of winter.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.27,0:03:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as you can imagine,\Nin the North Atlantic
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.43,0:03:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we get hit with some seriously\Nstormy conditions --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.15,0:03:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so not for any of you\Nwho get a little motion sickness,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.81,0:03:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we are collecting\Nsome very valuable data.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.59,0:03:11.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we lower this instrument\Nover the side of the ship,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.50,0:03:13.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are sensors\Nthat are mounted on the bottom
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.96,0:03:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can tell us information about\Nthe surrounding water,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.66,0:03:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as temperature\Nor dissolved oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.45,0:03:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we can collect our seawater\Nsamples in these large bottles.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.43,0:03:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we start at the bottom,\Nwhich can be over four kilometers deep
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.71,0:03:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just off our continental shelf,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.81,0:03:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we take samples at regular intervals\Nright up to the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.88,0:03:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We take the seawater back on the deck,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.27,0:03:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we can either\Nanalyze them on the ship
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.68,0:03:40.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or back in the laboratory\Nfor the different chemicals parameters.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.17,0:03:42.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why should we care?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.65,0:03:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How is ocean acidification\Ngoing to affect all of us?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.75,0:03:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, here are the worrying facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.78,0:03:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There has already been an increase\Nin ocean acidity of 26 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.60,0:04:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since pre-industrial times,\Nwhich is directly due to human activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.65,0:04:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unless we can start slowing down\Nour carbon dioxide emissions,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.03,0:04:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're expecting an increase\Nin ocean acidity of 170 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.39,0:04:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the end of this century.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.71,0:04:20.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean this is within\Nour children's lifetime.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.50,0:04:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This rate of acidification\Nis 10 times faster
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.15,0:04:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than any acidification in our oceans\Nfor over 55 million years.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.06,0:04:38.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our marine life have never,\Never experienced
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.46,0:04:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such a fast rate of change before.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.55,0:04:45.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we literally could not know\Nhow they're going to cope.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.04,0:04:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there was a natural acidification\Nevent millions of years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.65,0:04:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was much slower\Nthan what we're seeing today.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.78,0:04:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this coincided with a mass extinction\Nof many marine species.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.89,0:05:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So is that what we're headed for?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.27,0:05:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, maybe.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.03,0:05:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Studies are showing\Nsome species are actually doing quite well
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.55,0:05:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but many are showing a negative response.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.09,0:05:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the big concerns is\Nas ocean acidity increases,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.43,0:05:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the concentration of carbonate\Nions in seawater decrease.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.49,0:05:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now these ions are basically\Nthe building blocks
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.43,0:05:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for many marine species\Nto make their shells,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.76,0:05:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example crabs or mussels, oysters.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.77,0:05:35.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another example are corals.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.93,0:05:39.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also need these carbonate\Nions in seawater
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.14,0:05:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make their coral structure\Nin order to build coral reefs.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.37,0:05:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As ocean acidity increases
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.78,0:05:50.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the concentration\Nof carbonate ions decrease,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.46,0:05:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these species first find it more difficult\Nto make their shells.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.23,0:05:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at even even lower levels,\Nthey can actually begin to dissolve.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.22,0:06:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This here is a pteropod,\Nit's called a sea butterfly.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.52,0:06:06.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's an important food source\Nin the ocean for many species,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.95,0:06:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from krill to salmon right up to whales.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.39,0:06:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The shell of the pteropod\Nwas placed into seawater
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.93,0:06:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a pH that we're expecting\Nby the end of this century.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.20,0:06:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After only 45 days\Nat this very realistic pH,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.04,0:06:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see the shell\Nhas almost completely dissolved.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.56,0:06:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So ocean acidification could affect\Nright up through the food chain --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.82,0:06:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and right onto our dinner plates.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.47,0:06:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean who here\Nlikes shellfish? Or salmon?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.68,0:06:42.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or many other fish species
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.34,0:06:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose food source\Nin the ocean could be affected?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.13,0:06:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are cold-water corals.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.11,0:06:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And did you know we actually have\Ncold-water corals in Irish waters,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.67,0:06:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just off our continental shelf?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.02,0:06:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they support rich biodiversity,\Nincluding some very important fisheries.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.86,0:07:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's projected that\Nby the end of this century,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.23,0:07:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,70 percent of all known cold-water corals\Nin the entire ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.58,0:07:13.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be surrounded by seawater\Nthat is dissolving their coral structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.85,0:07:20.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last example I have\Nare these healthy tropical corals.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.07,0:07:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were placed in seawater at a pH\Nwe're expecting by the year 2100.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.48,0:07:32.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After six months, the coral\Nhas almost completely dissolved.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.17,0:07:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now coral reefs support
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.61,0:07:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,25 percent of all marine life\Nin the entire ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.87,0:07:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All marine life.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.07,0:07:50.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see: ocean\Nacidification is a global threat.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.04,0:07:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have an eight-month-old baby boy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.98,0:07:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unless we start now to slow this down,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.00,0:08:02.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I dread to think what our oceans\Nwill look like when he's a grown man.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.70,0:08:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will see acidification.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.83,0:08:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have already put too much\Ncarbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.03,0:08:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we can slow this down.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.10,0:08:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can prevent the worst-case scenario.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.75,0:08:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only way of doing that
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.01,0:08:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is by reducing our\Ncarbon dioxide emissions.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.01,0:08:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is important for both you and I,\Nfor industry, for governments.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.60,0:08:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to work together,\Nslow down global warming
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.50,0:08:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slow down ocean acidification
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.08,0:08:40.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and help to maintain a healthy ocean\Nand a healthy planet
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.84,0:08:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for our generation\Nand for generations to come.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.32,0:08:49.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)