[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.84,0:00:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of you actually love bugs?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.81,0:00:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just raise your hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.92,0:00:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Love bugs - I mean,\Nmaybe not love - fond of bugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.06,0:00:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay. Well, I would say\Nroughly around 10 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.54,0:00:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something like that.\NThat's not bad at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.10,0:00:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a bug lover, myself...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.12,0:00:31.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not from childhood, by the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.90,0:00:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather late.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.50,0:00:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I bachelored,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.90,0:00:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,majoring in zoology\Nat Tel Aviv University,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.62,0:00:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I kind of fell in love with bugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.78,0:00:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, within zoology,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.54,0:00:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I took the course\Nor the discipline of entomology,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.70,0:00:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the science of insects.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.54,0:00:51.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I thought to myself,\Nhow can I be practical
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.77,0:00:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or help in the science of entomology?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.10,0:00:58.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I moved to the world\Nof plant protection...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.36,0:01:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plant protection from insects,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.88,0:01:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from bad bugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.72,0:01:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then within plant protection,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.10,0:01:09.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I came into the discipline\Nof biological pest control,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.38,0:01:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we actually define
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.10,0:01:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the use of living organisms
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.10,0:01:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reduce populations\Nof noxious plant pests.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.62,0:01:21.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a whole discipline\Nin plant protection
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.75,0:01:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aimed at the reduction of chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.100,0:01:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And biological pest control, by the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.07,0:01:30.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or these "good bugs"\Nthat we are talking about,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.86,0:01:34.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've existed in the world\Nfor thousands and thousands of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.71,0:01:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a long, long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.34,0:01:39.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But only in the last 120 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.43,0:01:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people started, or people\Nknew more and more
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.84,0:01:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to exploit, or how to use,\Nthis biological control phenomenon,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.25,0:01:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in fact, natural control phenomenon,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.66,0:01:52.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for their own needs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.38,0:01:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because biological control phenomenon...\NYou can see it in your backyard.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.01,0:01:59.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just take a magnifying glass.\NYou see what I have here?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.99,0:02:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a magnifier, times 10.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.03,0:02:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You just open it, twist leaves,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.05,0:02:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you see a whole new world\Nof minute insects,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.50,0:02:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or little spiders of one millimeter,\None-and-a-half, two millimeters long,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.50,0:02:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can distinguish\Nbetween the good ones and the bad ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.52,0:02:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this phenomenon of natural control\Nexists literally everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.09,0:02:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, in front of this building, I'm sure.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.17,0:02:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just have a look at the plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.10,0:02:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's everywhere,\Nand we need to know how to exploit it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.87,0:02:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let's go hand by hand
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.87,0:02:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and browse through just a few examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.10,0:02:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is a pest?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.64,0:02:41.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What damage does it actually\Ninflict on the plant?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.97,0:02:44.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what is the natural enemy,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.26,0:02:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the biological control agent,\Nor the "good bug"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.26,0:02:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're talking about?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.49,0:02:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In general, I'm going to talk\Nabout insects and spiders,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.53,0:02:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or mites, let us call them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.77,0:02:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Insects, those six-legged organisms
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.57,0:03:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and spiders or mites,\Nthe eight-legged organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.67,0:03:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's have a look at that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.10,0:03:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is a devastating pest, a spider mite,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.35,0:03:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it does a lot\Nof webbing, like a spider.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.60,0:03:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see the mother in between,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.15,0:03:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and two daughters, probably,\Non the left and right,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.58,0:03:16.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a single egg on the right-hand side.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.67,0:03:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you see\Nwhat kind of damage it can inflict.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.18,0:03:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On your right-hand side,\Nyou can see a cucumber leaf,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.15,0:03:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the middle, a cotton leaf,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.62,0:03:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on the left, a tomato leaf\Nwith these little stipplings.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.84,0:03:29.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can literally turn\Nfrom green to white,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.91,0:03:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the sucking, piercing\Nmouth parts of those spiders.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.16,0:03:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here comes nature,\Nthat provides us with a good spider.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.55,0:03:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a predatory mite...\NJust as small as a spider mite;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.96,0:03:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one, two millimeters long,\Nnot more than that...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.79,0:03:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Running quickly, hunting,\Nchasing the spider mites.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.22,0:03:56.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here, you can see this lady\Nin action on your left-hand side...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.12,0:04:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just pierces, sucks the body fluids\Non the left-hand side of the pest mite.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.77,0:04:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after five minutes,\Nthis is what you see:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.40,0:04:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just a typical dead corpse...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.74,0:04:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The shriveled, sucked-out,\Ndead corpse of the spider mite,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.40,0:04:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and next to it, two satiated\Nindividuals, predatory mites.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.31,0:04:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, a meal for them for 24 hours,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.26,0:04:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is about five of the spider mites,\Nof the bad mites,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.53,0:04:27.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and-or 15 to 20 eggs of the pest mites.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.44,0:04:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, they are always hungry.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.90,0:04:32.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.16,0:04:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here is another example: aphids.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.49,0:04:36.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's springtime now in Israel.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.37,0:04:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When temperatures rise sharply,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.90,0:04:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see those bad ones,\Nthose aphids, all over the plants...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.20,0:04:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In your hibiscus, in your lantana,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.90,0:04:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the young, fresh foliage\Nof the so-called spring flush.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.90,0:04:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, with aphids you have\Nonly females, like Amazons.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.90,0:04:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Females giving rise to females,\Ngiving rise to other females.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.35,0:04:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No males at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.60,0:05:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Parthenogenesis, as it's so called.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.06,0:05:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're very happy\Nwith that, apparently.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.20,0:05:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.25,0:05:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we can see the damage.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.90,0:05:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those aphids secrete a sticky,\Nsugary liquid called honeydew,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.08,0:05:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this just clogs\Nthe upper parts of the plant.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.53,0:05:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you see a typical cucumber leaf\Nthat turned from green to black
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.26,0:05:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of a black fungus, sooty mold,\Nwhich is covering it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.21,0:05:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here comes the salvation,\Nthrough this parasitic wasp.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.56,0:05:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we are not talking about a predator.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.68,0:05:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we are talking a parasite...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.17,0:05:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not a two-legged parasite,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.07,0:05:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but an eight-legged parasite, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.10,0:05:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a parasitic wasp,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.90,0:05:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again, two millimeters long, slender,\Na very quick and sharp flier.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.68,0:05:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here you can see\Nthis parasite in action,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.99,0:05:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like in an acrobatic maneuver.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.68,0:05:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She stands vis-à-vis
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.40,0:05:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in front of the victim\Nat the right-hand side,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.75,0:06:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bending its abdomen\Nand inserting a single egg
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.95,0:06:05.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the body fluids of the aphid.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.64,0:06:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, the aphid tries to escape.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.82,0:06:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She kicks and bites\Nand secretes different liquids,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.10,0:06:14.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nothing will happen, in fact...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.18,0:06:17.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only the egg of the parasitoid\Nwill be inserted
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.61,0:06:19.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the body fluids of the aphid.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.77,0:06:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after a few days,\Ndepending upon temperature,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.73,0:06:24.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the egg will hatch
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.17,0:06:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the larva of this parasite\Nwill eat the aphid from the inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.17,0:06:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.24,0:06:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is all natural. This is all natural.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.51,0:06:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not fiction, nothing at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.53,0:06:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again... in your backyard.\NIn your backyard.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.51,0:06:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.04,0:06:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.53,0:06:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is the end result: mummies.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.99,0:06:52.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the visual result\Nof a dead aphid encompassing inside,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.30,0:06:58.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a developing parasitoid that,\Nafter a few minutes, you see halfway out.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.52,0:07:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The birth is almost complete.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.75,0:07:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see, by the way,\Nin different movies, etc.,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.95,0:07:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it takes just a few minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.60,0:07:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if this is a female,\Nshe'll immediately mate with a male
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.13,0:07:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and off she goes,\Nbecause time is very short.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.99,0:07:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This female can live\Nonly three to four days,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.60,0:07:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she needs to give rise\Nto around 400 eggs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.49,0:07:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means she has 400 bad aphids
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.91,0:07:24.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to put her eggs into their body fluids.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.50,0:07:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is, of course, not the end of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.50,0:07:29.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a whole wealth\Nof other natural enemies
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.91,0:07:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is just the last example.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.60,0:07:34.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, we'll start first with the pest:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.12,0:07:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the thrips.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.60,0:07:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, all these weird names...
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.93,0:07:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't bother you with the Latin\Nnames of these creatures,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.45,0:07:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just the popular names.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.71,0:07:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is a nice,\Nslender, very bad pest.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.85,0:07:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you can see this: sweet peppers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.22,0:07:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not just an exotic,\Nornamental sweet pepper.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.24,0:07:54.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a sweet pepper\Nwhich is not consumable
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.82,0:07:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it is suffering\Nfrom a viral disease
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.60,0:08:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transmitted by those thrip adults.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.21,0:08:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here comes the natural enemy,\Nminute pirate bug...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.75,0:08:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"minute," because it is rather small.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.35,0:08:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you can see the adult,\Nblack, and two young ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.80,0:08:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, in action.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.37,0:08:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This adult pierces the thrips,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.91,0:08:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sucking it within just several minutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.18,0:08:21.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going to the other prey,\Ncontinuing all over the place.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.44,0:08:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we spread those minute\Npirate bugs, the good ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.76,0:08:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example, in a sweet pepper plot,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.68,0:08:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they go to the flowers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.27,0:08:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And look... this flower is flooded\Nwith predatory bugs, with the good ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.38,0:08:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after wiping out the bad ones, the thrips.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.60,0:08:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a very positive situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.21,0:08:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No harm to the developing fruit.\NNo harm to the fruit set.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.53,0:08:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything is just fine\Nunder these circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.34,0:08:49.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But again, the question is,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.83,0:08:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here you saw them on a one-to-one basis...\NThe pest, the natural enemy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.40,0:08:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we do is actually this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.64,0:09:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Northeast Israel,\Nin Kibbutz Sde Eliyahu,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.10,0:09:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a facility that mass-produces\Nthose natural enemies.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.81,0:09:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, what we do there\Nis amplify the natural control,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.31,0:09:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the biological control phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.31,0:09:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in 30,000 square meters\Nof state-of-the-art greenhouses,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.22,0:09:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there, we are mass-producing\Nthose predatory mites,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.54,0:09:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those minute pirate bugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.26,0:09:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those parasitic wasps, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.18,0:09:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many different parts.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.53,0:09:31.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, they have\Na very nice landscape...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.81,0:09:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see the Jordanian Mountains\Non the one hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.21,0:09:36.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Jordan Valley on the other hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.21,0:09:40.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a good, mild winter\Nand a nice, hot summer,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.29,0:09:44.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is an excellent condition\Nto mass-produce those creatures.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.31,0:09:48.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by the way, mass-production...\NIt is not genetic manipulation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.57,0:09:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are no GMOs... genetically\Nmodified organisms... whatsoever.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.64,0:09:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We take them from nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.40,0:09:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the only thing that we do\Nis give them the optimal conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.72,0:10:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the greenhouses\Nor in the climate rooms,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.40,0:10:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to proliferate,\Nmultiply and reproduce.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.47,0:10:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what we get.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.18,0:10:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see under a microscope.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.06,0:10:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see in the upper left corner?\NYou see a single predatory mite.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.43,0:10:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the whole bunch\Nof predatory mites.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.15,0:10:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see this ampul. You see this one.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.69,0:10:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have one gram of those predatory mites.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.19,0:10:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One gram is 80,000 individuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.30,0:10:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,80,000 individuals are good enough\Nto control one acre,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.91,0:10:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,4,000 square meters,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.78,0:10:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a strawberry plot
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.65,0:10:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against spider mites for the whole season
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.60,0:10:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of almost one year.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.78,0:10:45.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can produce\Nfrom this, believe you me,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.35,0:10:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,several dozens of kilograms\Non an annual basis.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.78,0:10:53.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what I call\Namplification of the phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.01,0:10:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And no, we do not disrupt the balance.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.84,0:10:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the contrary,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.10,0:11:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we bring it to every cultural plot
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.01,0:11:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the balance was already disrupted
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.78,0:11:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.10,0:11:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we come with those natural enemies
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.00,0:11:10.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to reverse\Na little bit of the wheel
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.93,0:11:14.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to bring more natural balance\Nto the agricultural plot
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.94,0:11:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by reducing those chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.80,0:11:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the whole idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.88,0:11:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what is the impact?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.94,0:11:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this table, you can\Nactually see what is an impact
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.20,0:11:27.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a successful biological\Ncontrol by good bugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.55,0:11:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, in Israel, where we employ\Nmore than 1,000 hectares...
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.94,0:11:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10,000 dunams in Israeli terms...
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.64,0:11:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of biological pests\Ncontrolling sweet pepper
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.29,0:11:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under protection,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.84,0:11:45.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,75 percent of the pesticides\Nwere actually reduced.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.52,0:11:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Israeli strawberries, even more...
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.02,0:11:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,80 percent of the pesticides,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.82,0:11:54.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially those aimed\Nagainst pest mites in strawberries.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.75,0:11:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the impact is very strong.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.88,0:12:00.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there goes the question,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.06,0:12:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially if you ask\Ngrowers, agriculturists:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.06,0:12:04.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why biological control?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.77,0:12:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why good bugs?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.58,0:12:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, the number of answers you get
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.17,0:12:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equals the number of people you ask.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.75,0:12:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we go, for example,\Nto this place, Southeast Israel,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.34,0:12:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Arava area\Nabove the Great Rift Valley,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.84,0:12:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the pearl of Israeli\Nagriculture is located,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.90,0:12:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially under greenhouse conditions,\Nor under screenhouse conditions...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.52,0:12:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you drive all the way\Nto Eilat, you see this
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.34,0:12:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in the middle of the desert.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.27,0:12:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you zoom in,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.80,0:12:38.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can definitely watch this:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.90,0:12:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grandparents with their grandchildren,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.11,0:12:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distributing the natural\Nenemies, the good bugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.00,0:12:46.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of wearing special clothes
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.40,0:12:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gas masks and applying chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.18,0:12:51.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So safety, with respect\Nto the application,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.80,0:12:55.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the number one answer\Nthat we get from growers,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.24,0:12:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for "Why biological control?"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.39,0:13:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Number two, many growers\Nare, in fact, petrified
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.38,0:13:05.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the idea of resistance,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.59,0:13:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the pests will become\Nresistant to the chemicals,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.17,0:13:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like in our case, that bacteria\Nbecomes resistant to antibiotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.00,0:13:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the same, and it can\Nhappen very quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.61,0:13:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, in either biological control\Nor even natural control,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.00,0:13:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resistance is extremely rare.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.64,0:13:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It hardly happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.21,0:13:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because this is evolution,\Nthis is the natural ratio,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.59,0:13:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unlike resistance, which happens\Nin the case of chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.47,0:13:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thirdly, public demand.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.04,0:13:42.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more the public demands\Nthe reduction of chemicals,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.76,0:13:46.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more growers become aware of the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.63,0:13:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they should, wherever they can\Nand wherever possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.40,0:13:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,replace the chemical control\Nwith biological control.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.43,0:13:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even here, there is another grower,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.52,0:13:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see, very interested in the bugs,\Nthe bad ones and the good ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.27,0:14:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wearing this magnifier\Nalready on her head,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.89,0:14:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just walking safely in her crop.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.47,0:14:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, I want to get to my vision,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.75,0:14:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, in fact, to my dream.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.21,0:14:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, you see, this is the reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.26,0:14:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have a look at the gap.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.76,0:14:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we take the overall turnover
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.90,0:14:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the biocontrol industry worldwide,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.37,0:14:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's 250 million dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.36,0:14:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And look at the overall pesticide industry
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.48,0:14:27.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all the crops throughout the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.68,0:14:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's times 100\Nor something like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.57,0:14:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twenty-five billion.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.30,0:14:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there is a huge gap to bridge.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.90,0:14:37.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So actually, how can we do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.59,0:14:42.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we bridge, or let's say,\Nnarrow, this gap over the years?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.49,0:14:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, we need to find more robust,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.26,0:14:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good and reliable biological solutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.90,0:14:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more good bugs that we can\Neither mass-produce
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.55,0:14:56.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or actually conserve in the field.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.61,0:15:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, to create even more intensive\Nand strict public demand
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.22,0:15:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the reduction of chemicals\Nin agricultural fresh produce.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.32,0:15:09.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thirdly, also to increase\Nawareness by the growers
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.10,0:15:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the potential of this industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.90,0:15:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this gap really narrows.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.42,0:15:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Step by step, it does narrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.61,0:15:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, I started with a personal note.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.90,0:15:23.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think I will end with a personal note.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.96,0:15:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a marathon runner
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.40,0:15:28.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this week, on Thursday,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.49,0:15:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm with a lovely group of people
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.69,0:15:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we organize\Na long distance relay race.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.48,0:15:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,210 kilometres.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.10,0:15:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the Lebanese border,\Nall the way to Jezreel Valley.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.52,0:15:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Groups of people will run.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.12,0:15:47.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Relay - 8 people, 6 people, 4, 2,\Nand even one.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.52,0:15:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All this distance.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.64,0:15:51.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I see a lot of similarities.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.83,0:15:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between this type of race
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.64,0:15:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the thing that I do\Nwith biological control.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.47,0:15:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, first of all,\Nyou run this race in nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.95,0:16:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I do in biological control -
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.62,0:16:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact many times I go\Nout there also in nature
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.42,0:16:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to look for my good bugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.83,0:16:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, this relay race is a team work.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.07,0:16:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also in the case\Nof biological control,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.20,0:16:13.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's also a team work.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.62,0:16:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Groups of people studying, researching,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.29,0:16:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,implementing, collaboration with growers,\Nwith the public - it's team work.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.82,0:16:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thirdly, it's a long and winding road.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.40,0:16:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even in the marathon.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.88,0:16:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You stumble, fall, rise and continue.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.46,0:16:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know how many times\Nwe stumble amd fall
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.62,0:16:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the case of biological control?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.55,0:16:36.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we actually never give up.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.56,0:16:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think my last slide is:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.79,0:16:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All we are saying...\NWe can actually sing it...
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.78,0:16:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Give nature a chance.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.59,0:16:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm saying it on behalf\Nof all the biocontrol practitioners
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.78,0:16:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and implementers,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.12,0:16:51.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Israel and abroad,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.37,0:16:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really give nature a chance.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.92,0:16:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.10,0:16:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)