WEBVTT

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想像你喺片森林度散緊步

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我估你望到嘅係密麻麻嘅樹

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我哋林務員稱佢為「林分」

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佢哋嘅樹幹粗壯、樹冠茂盛

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冇錯，樹係森林嘅基礎

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但係森林絕對唔止你睇到嘅咁樣

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今日，我希望改變你哋對森林嘅睇法

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喺地底有另一個世界係

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一個連結無窮生命嘅世界

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連繫住樹木，畀空間佢哋交流

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使成個森林成為一個生物咁運作

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佢可能使你諗起一種智慧

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我點知嘅？

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以下係我嘅故事

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我喺加拿大卑詩省嘅森林度大嘅

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細細個鍾意瞓喺度望住啲樹

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佢哋十足十巨人

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我爺爺都係一個巨人

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佢係一個伐木工人

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佢喺內陸森林度會揀一啲杉樹來鋸

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佢教識我欣賞森林生活嘅恬靜同諧嘅

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仲有森林同我哋一家嘅聯繫

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所以我繼承咗爺爺嘅事業

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佢同我對森林都有好奇

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而我第一個醒悟

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就來自我哋喺湖邊嘅廁所

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我哋隻狗 Jigs 跣咗落個屎氹度

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爺爺就攞住個鏟，跑去救隻衰狗

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爺爺喺個氹度游，成身臭晒

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就喺爺爺挖緊泥嗰陣

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我俾氹裡邊啲樹根吸引住

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後來先知，地底嗰啲係白色菌絲

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菌絲下面，係紅色同黃色嘅礦物層

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後尾，我同爺爺救到隻狗

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喺嗰一剎那，我體會到

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樹根同土壤嘅融合

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先係森林嘅基礎

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我仲想了解多啲

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於是我去讀森林學

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好快就同一班大人物做嘢

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一齊經營商業伐木

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大規模嘅濫伐

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景況令人擔憂

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我亦飽受良心嘅譴責

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佢哋仲灑農藥、斬晒啲白楊樹同樺樹

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純粹為咗改種更賺錢嘅松樹同冷杉樹

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好令人震驚

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似乎咩都阻止唔到工業機器嘅推進

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所以我再讀去返書

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開始研究我嘅另一個世界

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科學家啱啱先喺實驗室發現

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喺試管裡邊，碳可以從一個松樹嘅幼苗

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傳去另一棵幼苗嗰度

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但呢個只係實驗室裡邊頭發現

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我喺度諗，喺森林度得唔得呢？

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我諗應該得

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樹木或者真係可以喺地底傳送信息

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但呢個諗法爭議太大

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啲人甚至以為我癲咗

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所以我好難籌到研究經費

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但係我一直堅持

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卒之， 我喺森林做咗啲實驗

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喺 25 年前

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我種咗 3 種樹，一種 80 棵：

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北美白樺、黃杉同紅崖柏

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我設想北美白樺同黃杉會喺地底有交流

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但紅崖柏就冇

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紅崖柏只會自成一國

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跟住，我準備好曬啲器材

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因為冇錢，成本盡量要低

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所以我去咗加拿大輪胎公司

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（笑聲）

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買咗啲膠袋、牛皮膠紙、遮光布

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計時器、防護衣同防護口罩

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跟住我問大學借咗啲儀器：

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一個蓋革計數器、一個閃爍輻射儀、
一個質譜儀同幾座顯微鏡

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我仲攞咗一啲超危險嘅嘢：

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幾支裝滿放射性


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有「碳-14」嘅二氧化碳嘅注射器

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同埋幾個裝咗穩定同位素

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有「碳-13」嘅二氧化碳嘅高壓氣樽

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全部合法嘎

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（笑聲）

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有幾樣嘢我帶漏咗， 好重要嘅嘢：

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殺蟲噴霧、防熊噴霧、口罩濾網

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好喇

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實驗嘅第一日，我哋嚟到目的地

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點知有隻灰熊媽媽同個仔追住我哋

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我冇帶防熊噴霧

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不過喺加拿大嘅森林做研究係咁㗎喇

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（笑聲）

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第二日，我又嚟喇

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隻灰熊同個仔走咗喇

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所以今次，我哋真正開始喇

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我著好件防護衣

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戴好個防護面罩

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之後

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用膠袋冚住啲樹

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我拎住個超大注射器

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將示蹤同位素二氧化碳

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射入個膠袋度

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首先係北美白樺

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我將放射性氣體「碳-14」

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射入佢度

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之後係黃杉，我注入咗

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穩定嘅同位素「碳-13」二氧化碳

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我用咗兩種唔同嘅同位素

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因為我想知

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呢兩種樹之間係咪有雙向交流

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注射用到最後一袋

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即係第 80 組樹

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突然間，隻灰熊又來咗

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喺後面追住我

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我舉住個注射器過我個頭

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一邊拍蚊，一邊跳到架貨車度

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我心諗

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難怪啲科學家鍾意留喺實驗室啦！

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（笑聲）

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我等咗一個鐘

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我諗啲樹需要咁上下時間

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透過光合作用吸收啲

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放射性嘅二氧化碳

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轉換成糖，然後送到樹根

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然後傳畀隔離棵樹

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過咗一個鐘

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我拉低個車窗

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睇下隻灰熊喺邊

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太好喇，佢喺埋邊食緊堆黑莓

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於是我行出架貨車，開始做嘢

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我行近第一棵樺樹，掹個袋落嚟

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將部蓋勒計數器擺近啲葉度

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咔！

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完美

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樺樹已經吸收咗啲放射性氣體

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關鍵時刻嚟喇

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我行近棵杉樹

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掹走個袋

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將部機擺近啲針葉度

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我聽到極之美妙嘅聲音

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咔！

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係樺樹同杉樹傾偈嘅聲音

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樺樹問︰「喂，有冇嘢要幫手?」

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杉樹話︰「有呀，你畀啲碳我得唔得？

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我俾塊遮光布擋住咗呀。」

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我行近棵杉樹，將部機擺近啲葉度

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不出我所料

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一啲聲音都冇

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柏樹完全自成一國

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佢冇同樺樹同杉樹連繫埋一齊

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我太興奮嘞

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行勻成個地方，檢查晒八十組嘅實驗

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事實擺在眼前

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「碳-13」同「碳-14」向我證明咗

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樺樹同杉樹真係有傾有講嘎

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我哋發現

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夏天時

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樺樹送碳俾杉樹，多過收碳返來

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尤其喺杉樹俾嘢遮住嗰陣

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往後嘅實驗有相反嘅結果

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杉樹送碳元素俾樺樹，多過收碳返來

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事關嗰時杉樹仲有葉，而樺樹落曬葉

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兩種樹真係互相倚靠

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就好似陰同陽咁

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喺嗰一刻，一切都豁然開朗

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我知道我嘅發現好重大

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使我哋重新審視到樹木同森林嘅關係

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佢哋之間唔單只有競爭

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仲有互相合作

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我終於搵到有力嘅證據

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證明龐大嘅地下溝通網絡

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確實存在

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呢個時候，我衷心期盼

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我嘅發現會改變林業嘅操作

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從大規模斬樹、濫用除草劑

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轉為宏觀、持續

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廉價、更實嘅方法

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我有啲咩方法？

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陣間話你聽

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我們點樣研究森林嘅複雜系統？

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既然係研究森林，就要深入森林

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但確實好難，正如你啱啱所見

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兼且要識得點避開啲熊人

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但我哋要堅持

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哪怕係困難重重

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更要順從自己嘅直覺同經驗

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問一啲有價值嘅問題

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之後我們要收集數據，同去驗證

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我做同發表過數以百計嘅森林實驗

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有啲實驗基地已經用咗三十年

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你哋可以去望下

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森林科學本應係咁

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接住我想從科學角度探討

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樺樹同杉樹到底點溝通嘅呢？

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事實上，佢哋除咗用碳作為媒介嚟交流

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仲會用氮同磷

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同水、防禦信號
等位基因化學物、激素

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呢啲都係信息

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喺我嘅發現之前，科學家認為

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地底之所以有互惠共生嘅現象

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係因為有菌根

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菌根，亦即係「菇菌嘅根」

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你行過森林，會見到佢哋嘅繁殖器官

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佢哋就係蘑菇

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而菇頂只係佢嘅一小部份

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因為菇柄底會長出真菌絲

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形成菌絲體，繼而感染同侵佔

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其他植物嘅根部

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真菌細胞同樹根細胞交織嘅地方

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都有用碳換取養份嘅現象

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真菌向下生長，包實啲土壤顆粒

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繼而吸收養份

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個菌絲網密到話唔定有幾百公里長

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堆埋得個腳板咁細

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除此之外，菌絲會連接森林嘅不同植物

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不論係咪同一物種，譬如樺樹同杉樹咁

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運作模式十足十係個互聯網

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同所有嘅網絡一樣

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菌根嘅網絡由綫同點組成

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我哋分析咗森林每棵杉樹同菇嘅

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DNA 短序， 然後畫咗呢張地圖

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圖中嘅圓點代表住黃杉

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啲綫代表住菌根之間嘅連繫

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最大最深色嘅圓點，擁有最多連接

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佢哋叫核心樹木

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又暱稱「母樹」

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因為佢哋會滋養住

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年輕嘅矮層灌木

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黃色圓點

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代表同母樹有連繫嘅樹苗

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森林裡面
一棵母樹可以連繫住過百棵樹

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透過同位素示蹤劑進行檢測

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我哋察覺到

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母樹會透過菌根嘅聯網傳

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送剩餘嘅碳俾

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矮層嘅樹苗

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我哋發現，樹苗嘅存活率

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會因此大增四倍

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正如父母會愛錫自己嘅仔女

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所以我諗，黃杉會唔會好似嗰隻熊咁

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認到自己啲仔女呢？

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我哋於是設計咗個實驗

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將母樹、幼苗同其他種子種埋一齊

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結果母樹認得出自己嘅後代

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母樹利用更大嘅菌根網包裹幼苗

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喺地底傳送更多嘅碳

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甚至減少自己根部嘅發展

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為幼苗創造生長空間

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喺母樹受傷或者就來枯萎

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佢哋會將生存智慧傳俾下一代

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我哋透過同位素示蹤法，追蹤碳嘅移動

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從受傷嘅母樹嘅樹幹傳到菌根網

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再傳到周圍嘅幼苗

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唔單止係碳

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仲有防禦信號

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呢兩種混合物

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增加咗幼苗嘅抗壓能力

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所以樹木識講嘢

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（掌聲）

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多謝

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經過反反覆覆嘅對話

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佢哋增強咗成個團體嘅適應力

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佢哋可能令你諗起咗

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我嘅社會群體，我哋嘅家庭

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嗯，至少部分家庭啦

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（笑聲）

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我哋返到最初嘅問題

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森林唔單只有樹

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佢哋係有樞紐同網絡嘅複雜系統

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彼此覆蓋同聯繫，令佢哋可以交流

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仲提供咗反饋同適應嘅方式

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加強咗森林嘅適應能力

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因為森林有好多樞紐同彼此覆蓋嘅網絡

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但係佢哋都好脆弱

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唔單只會受到自然嘅干擾

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譬如特別鍾意侵襲老樹嘅樹皮甲蟲

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仲受到高強度伐木同清場式伐木嘅影響

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你可以攞走一兩棵樞紐樹

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但係呢個就已經係極限

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因為樞紐樹好似飛機上嘅卯釘

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你攞走一兩粒卯釘，飛機仲飛得

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但係如果你攞走太多

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或著你攞走一個關鍵嘅卯釘

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成個系統都會塌

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咁宜家你係點睇啲森林？有冇啲唔同？

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（觀眾）係

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太好啦

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我好高興

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記得我之前話過，我希望我嘅研究

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同發現會改變我哋實踐林學嘅方式

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我諗喺 30 年後，喺加拿大西部做檢測

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既係呢度向西 100 公里

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就喺班夫國家公園嘅邊界

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嗰度有好多清場式伐木

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唔再係原始森林啦

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2014 年，世界資源研究所報導


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過去十年加拿大有世界最高森林破壞率

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你哋以為嗰個國家係巴西，係唔係

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喺加拿大，破壞率係每年 3.6%

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據我估計，係可持續破壞率嘅四倍

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咁規模嘅大面積破壞明顯影響水循環

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惡化野生生態環境

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而且将溫室氣體放返入大氣

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結果導致更加多嘅破壞同樹嘅回枯

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仲有，我們繼續種一種或著兩種樹木

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停種同消滅山楊樹同樺樹

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咁嘅森林冇曬多樣性

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會好易患傳染病同受蟲害影響

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隨著氣候變化

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幾樣嘢夾埋後果會好嚴重

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譬如啱啱蔓延咗成個北美洲嘅

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大規模山地松樹甲蟲蟲災

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仲有最近喺阿爾伯塔嘅超級大火

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所以宜家我哋返到最後一個問題：

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與其弱化我哋嘅森林， 我哋點樣

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強化佢哋適應氣候變化嘅能力

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作為複雜嘅生態系統，森林好叻嘅一點

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就係佢哋有好強嘅自我修復能力

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我哋近期嘅實驗表明

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用小規模砍伐、保護樞紐樹

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重現物種多樣性

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會使真菌菌根網好快咁恢復

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我想留畀你哋四個簡單嘅方案，我哋

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唔可以呃自己，話啲方法太複雜做唔到

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首先，我哋都需要行入森林

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我哋需要令當地人重新融入啲森林度

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宜家我哋大多數嘅森林

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都俾人用單一嘅方式管理，但係

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好嘅森林管理需要關於當地條件嘅知識

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第二，我哋要完挽救我哋嘅老齡林

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佢哋係基因、母樹同真菌菌根網
嘅信息庫

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即係要減少伐木

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我唔係話禁止伐木，而係減少伐木

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第三，喺我哋伐木時

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挽救樹木嘅「遺産」

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母樹同真菌菌根網

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仲有樹林同基因

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咁樣先可以将智慧傳畀下一代嘅樹木

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使佢哋有應對未來壓力嘅能力

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我哋需要成為自然環境保護主義者

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最尾，第四點

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再生擁有物種多樣性

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基因型多樣性同結構多樣性嘅森林

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必须通過人工種植同自然再生

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我哋必須畀大自然需要嘅

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可以幫佢自我治癒嘅工具

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森林唔單只係互相競爭嘅

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一叢叢樹木

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佢哋係超級合作者

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再講返 Jigs

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Jigs 嗰件事令我睇到另外嘅世界

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同改變咗我對森林嘅睇法

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希望我今日改變咗你哋對森林嘅睇法

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多謝

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（掌聲）